NASA SP·7012 - PHYSICAL CONSTANTS and CONVERSION FACTORS

NASA spmiddot7012

THE INTERNATIONAL SYBTE M J)F U NITS

PHYSleAL-~~CmiddotO~NSmiddotTANTS and ~ - ~~

CON V ER~SmiddotIOmiddot(Nmiddotmiddot F A eTO RS REVISED

Scientific a1ld Techllicdl IIlormatiQIJ Division OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION 1969

~ ~~ NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington DC

HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS

The International System of Units evolved from the unit of length the meter and the unit of mass the kilogram which were created by members of the Paris Academy of Sciences and adopted by the National Assembly of France in 1795 The meter the kilogram and several other units came to be known as the metric system of units

The US Congress legalized the use of the metric system throughout the United States on July 28 1866 The Act of 1866 reads in part

It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system and no contract or dealing or pleading in any courtt shall be deemed invalid or liable to objecshytion because the weights or measurCl-l expressed or referred to therein arc weights or measures of the metric system

Effective on April 5 1893 and subsequently all legal units of measure used in the United States have been metric units or are defined as exact numerical multiples of metric units The action establishing metric units as the ultimate and fundamental base of all US Customary Units is known as the tVfendenhall Order T C V1endenhall was US Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures in 1893

A highly significant step ill the establishment of internationally unifornl standard units of IneasureInent was the signing of the Treaty (Convention) of the vIeter by the United States and sixteen other nations on l1ay 20 1875 The Treaty of the Meter provides for an In tershynational Bureau of Weights and Measures on neutral ground ut Sevres near Paris France for an International Committee on Weights and Nleasures and for a General (International) Conference on Weights and Measures The fUllcshytion of these organs is to devise refine and maintain precise interntltionully uniform stnndshyurds of measure The Comnlittee und Confershyence voting Inembers are leuding professionnl

metrologists (men who have made the science of measurement their careers) and in many cases are the directors of national bureaus of standshyards The Director of the US National Bureau of Standards is a member of both the Comshymittee and the General Conference

The Eleventh General Conference on Weights and l1easures convened in Paris during October 1960 with Dr A V Astin representing the United States At the Eleventh General Conference the metric system of units (based on the meter kilogram second ampere kelvin and candela) was given the name International System of Units and the abbreviation SI in all languages

The Twelfth General Conference convened in Paris during October 1964 Among other tlctions the Twelfth Conference redefined the word liter as a special name for the cubic decimeter and authorized temporary use of the atomic second but did not abrogate the definition of the second which is based on the ephemeris of the Earth

However the Thirteenth Conference meeting in October 1967 did abrogate the ephemeris definition of the second and replaced it with

the atomic definition Among the other actions of the Thirteenth Conference were a revision of the definition of the cnndela a redesignation of the unit of thellllodynnmic temperature the kelvin (K) and the addition of six derived units to the international system At the time of the Thirteenth Conference forty nations were signatory to the Treaty of the Meter

The Illtermltional System of Units is recomshym~nded by members of the General Conference on W eights and l1easures for all scientific technical practicnl and teaching purposes

On the following pages are the names abbreviations und definitions of SI Units the ullle pC physitmiddotttl (Ollstauts expressed in SI Units and numerical factors for converting miicellnneous units to SI Uuits

NAMES OF INTERNATIONAL UNITS

Physical Quantity Name oj Unit

BASIC UNITS Length meter Mass kilogram Time second Electric current ampere Temperature kelvin Luminous intensity candela

DERIVED UNITS Area square meter Volume cubic meter Frequency hnrtz Density kilogram per cubic meter Velocity meter per second Angular velocity radian per second Acceleration meter per second squared Angular acceleration radian per second squared Force newton Pressure newton per sq meter Kinematic viscosity sq meter per second Dynamic viscosity newton-second per sq meter Work energy quantity of heat joule Power watt Electric ltharge coulomb Voltage potential difference electromotive force volt Electric field strength volt per meter Electric resistance ohm Electric capacitance farad Magneticmiddot flux weber Inductance henry Magnetic flux density tesla Magnetic field strength ampere per meter Magnetomotive force ampere Luminous flux lumen Luminance candela per sq meter Illumination lux Wave number 1 per meter Entropy joule per kelvin Specific heat jonle per kilogram kelvin Thermal conductivity watt per meter kelvin Radiant intensity watt per Iteradian Activity (of a radioactive source) 1 per second

SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS Plane angle radian Solid angle steradian

Symbol

m kg s A K cd

Hz kgm3 ms rnds ms rads2

N Nm m2s N-sm2

J W C V Vim n F Wb H T Aim A 1m cdm2 Ix m-1

JK J kg-I K-I W m-I K-I

Vsr S-I

rad sr

(kgmiddotms)

(Nmiddotm) (Js) (A-s) (WA)

(VIA) (A-sV) (V-s) (VsA) IJ

(Wbm2) 1 J 0 76Wpound$

(cd-sr)

PREFIXES

The names of multiples and submultiples of SI Units may be formed by application of the prefixes

Factor by which unit Prefix Symbol

ismiddot multiplied

1012 tern T 100 giga G 1()8 mega M 1()3 kilo k 102 hccto h 10 dcka da 10-1 deci d 10-2 ccnti c 10-3 milli m 10-6 micro II 10-9 nano n 10-12 pico p 10-1S fcmto f 10-18 atto a

DEFINITIONS OF INTERNATIONAL UNITS

Definitions of the most important SI Units are given in the following paragraphs These defishynitions have been extracted from the records of the International Committee and the General Conferences

meter (m)

The meter is the length equal to 1 650 76373 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corshyresponding to the transition between thelevels 2 PIO and 5 ds of the krypton-86 atom

kilogram (kg)

The kilogram is the unit of mass it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram (The international prototype of the kilogram is a particular cylinder of platshyinum-iridium alloy which is preserved in n vault at Sevres France by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures)

second (s)

The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom

ampere (A)

The ampere is that constant current which if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length of negligible circular cross secshytion and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2X 10-7 newton per meter of length

kelvin (K)

The kelvin unit of thermodynamic temperashyture is the fraction 127316 of the thermoshydynamic temperature of the triple point of water

metre (m)

Ie metre est la longueur egale a 1 650 76373 longueurs donde dans Ie vide de la radiation corresponoant Ia trallsition entre les niveaux 2 PIO et 5 ds de latome de krypton 86

kilogramme (kg)

Le kilogramme est lunite de masse il est egal a la masse du prototype international du kilogramme

seconde (s)

La seconde est la duree de 9 192 631 770 periodes de la radiation correspondant a la transition entre les deux niveaux hyperfins de Petat fondamental de latome de cesium 133

ampere (A)

Lampere est lintensite dun courant conshystant qui maintenu dans deux conducteurs paralleles rectilignes de longueur infinie de section circuiaire negligeable et places it une distance de 1 meter lun de lautre dans Ie vide produirait entre ces conducteurs une force egale a2X10-7 newton par metra de longueur

kelvin (K)

Le kelvin unite de temperature thermoshydynamique est In fraction 127316 de la temperature thermodynamique du point triple de Peau

candela (cd)

The candela is the luminous intensity in the perpendicular direction of 11 surface of 1600 000 square meter of a blackbody a t the tempernture of freezing platinum under n

pressure of 101 325 newtons per square meter

newton (N)

The newton is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second per second

joule (J)

The joule is the work done when the poin tmiddot of application of 1 newton is displaced a distance of 1 meter in the direction of the force

watt (W)

The watt is the power which gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second

volt (V)

The volt is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 ampere when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 watt

ohm (0)

The ohm is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 volt applied between these two points produces in this conductor a current of 1 ampere this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force

coulomb (0)

The coulomb is the quantity of electricity transported III 1 second by a current of 1 ampere

farad (F)

The farad is the capacitance of a cnpacitor between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 volt WRen it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1

coulomb

354-~ 0-70--2

candela (cd)

La candela est lintensite lumineuse dans la direction perpendiculaire d une surface de 1600 000 metre carre d un corps noir a la temperature de congelation du platine sous la pression de 101 325 newtons par metre carre

newton (N)

Le newton est la force qui communique a une masse de 1 kilogramme lacceleration de 1 metre par seconde par seconde

joule (J)

Le joule est la travail effectue lorsque Ie point dapplication de 1 newton de force se deplace dune distance egale a 1 metre dans la direction de la force

watt (W)

Le watt est la puissance qui donne lieu a une production denergie egale a 1 joule par seconde

volt (V)

Le volt est In difference de potentiel electrique qui existeentre deux points dun fil conducteur transportant un courant constant de 1 ampere Iorsque la puissance dissipee entre ces points est egale a 1 watt

ohm (0)

Lohm est Ia resistance electrique qui existe entre deux points dun conducteur lorsqu-une difference de potentiel constante de 1 volt appliquee entre ces deux points produit dans ce conducteur un courant de 1 ampere ce conducteur netant Ie siege daucune force electromotrice

coulomb (0)

Le coulomb est la quantite delectricite transportee en 1 seconde par un courant de 1 ampere

farad (F)

Le farad est In rapacite dun condensateur electrique entre les armatures duquel apparatt une difference de potentiel llectriqne de 1 volt lorsquil est charge dune quantite delectricite egale a 1 coulomb

henry (H) henry (H)

The henry is the inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is produced when the electrie current in the eireuit varies uniformly at fl rate of 1 ampere per second

weber (Wb)

The weber is the magnetie flux which linking a circuit of one turn produces in it an electroshymotive foree of 1 volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 seeond

lumen (1m)

The lumen is the luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 1 steradian by a uniform point source having an intensity of 1 candela

Le henry est linductance eleetrique dun circuit ferme dans lequel une force electroshyBlotrice de 1 volt est produite lorsque Ie courant electrique qui parcollrt Ie circuit varie unishyformement a raison de 1 ampere par seconde

weber (Wb)

Leweber est Ie flux magnetique quitraversant un circuit dune senle spire y produirait une force electromotrice de 1 voH si on lanlenait a zero en 1 secoude par de croissance nniforIne

lumen (1m)

Le lumen est Ie flux lumineux emis dans Pangle solide unite (steradian) par une source ponctushyelle uniforme ayant une intensite lumineuse de 1 candela

--------

-----------------------

----------

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

The following lists of physical constants are from the work of B N Taylor W H Parker and D N Langenberg (Revielv8 of llodern Physics July 1969) Their lenst-squares ndjustment of middotall1es of the constnnts depends strongly on II new nnd highly accurate (24 ppm) detclminatioll of elh from the ac Josephson effect in superconductors and is beHeved to be more accurate t han the 1963 adshyjustment which nppeurs to suffer from the use of an incorrect value of the fine structure constant as an input datum

Quantity Symbol Value Error Prefix Unit ppm

Speed of light in vncuum ______________ e 2997 9250 m 11- 1O 33 X 108

Gravitational constant ________________ 10-11G 6673 2 N m2 kg-2460Avogadro constant __________________ 102ftN 6 022 169 66 kmolc-1

Boltzmann constant __________________ 10-23Ie J K-l1 380 622 43Gas constan t ________________________ R 1()38 314 34 42 J kmole-1 K-l Yolumc of ideal gal standard conditions_ 101Vo 2 241 36 m3 kmole-1Faraday constant ____________________

107F 9648 670 5 5 C kmole-1

Unified atomic masi unit______________ 10-27u 1 660 531 66 kgPlanck constant______________________ 10-34h 6626 196 76 J s 10-34h2r 1 054 591 9 76 JsElectron charge ______________________ 10-19e 1 602 191 7 44 CElectron rest mass ___________________ 10-31m 9 109 558 6 0 kg

5485 930 10-62 middotuProton rest mass _____________________ 10-271 672 614 66 kgm

1 007 27661 08 uNeutron rest mass _____ 10-271 674920 66 kgm

1 008 665 20 10 u Electron charge to mass ratio __________ C kg-Imiddot em f IOU1 758 802 8 3 1 Stefan-Boltzmann constant ____________ d 10-85669 61 W m-2 K4170 First radiation constant _______________ 1O-28rhe 4992579 7 6 JmSecond radiation constant _____________ heIe 10-21 438 833 43 mKRydberg constant____________________ m-1107Roo 1 097 373 12 10 Fine structure constant ______________ a 10-37 297 351 15

a-I 10+21 370 360 2 15Bohr radi us _________________________ lO-il5 291 771 5 ao 15 m Classical electron radius _____ bull _________

r~ lO-u2817939 46 m Compton wavelength of electron _______ 10-122 426 309 6 Xc 3 1 m

10-133 861 592 Xc2r 3 1 m Compton wavelength of proton ________ 10-1amp1 321 4409Xc 68 m -10-162 103 139 Xc fI2 68 m Compton wavelength of neutron_______ 10-151 319 621 7 Xc It 6 8 m

10-16Xc 2r 2 100 243 68 m Electron magnetic moment______ --- _ 10-2 J T-l92848S111- 70 Proton magnetic moment _____________ 10-26 J T-l1 4106203 7 0-PBohr magneton ______________________

10-24 J T-l9274096 70II-BNuclear magneton ___________________ 10-27p J T-l5050951 10 I

UnitError PrefixQuantity Symbol Value ppmI

Gyromagnetic ratio of protons in H 20 __

Gyromagnctic ratio of protons in H2O corrected for diamagnetism of H2O

Magnetic flux quantum _______________ Quantum of circulation ______________

Y p Y p21r Yp Y21r lt1gt0

h2m hIm

2675 1270 4257 597 2675 1965 4257 707 2067 8538 3636947 7273894

31 31 31 31 33 3 1 31

10-111

rad S~l T-l Hz T-l rad S-I T-l Hz T-l Wb J S kg-I J s kg-I

Dimensionless combination Value Error ppm

Prefix

kgeV________________________________________________ ueV _________________________________________________ ukg _______ bull ____ bull _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m iffeV___________________________ bull _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m~eV bull ______________________________________________ meV _______________________________________________ eVIJ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ eVHz __ ~ ____________________________________________ eV m ________________________________________________ eVK_____________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (eV m)-l_____________________________________________ RalJ________________________________________________ RcaeV _______________________________________________ RmHz______________________________________________ RcaK _______________________________________________ mm_____ ____ _____ ____ __ __ ________ ___ ___ __ __ ___ ____ _

IB-----------------------------------------------shy B----------------------------------------------shyIJs-----------------------------------------------shypft----------------------------------------------shypp ________________________________________________

5609538 9314812 1 660 531 5 110 041 9382592 9395527 1 602 191 7 24179659 8065465 1 160 485 1 239 854 1 2179914 1 360 5826 32898423 1 578 936 1 836 109

1 001 1596389 1520993 12 1 521 03264 27927092 792 782

44 55 66 31 55 55 44 3 3 33

42 3 3 76 33 35

43 6 2

30 62 62

1()35 108

lOS 10 108

lOS 10 10-5

lOt 1015

lOS 1)3

_____________________

_______________________ _

CONVERSION FACTORS

The foHowing tables express the definitions of miscellaneous units of measure as exact nushymerical multiples of coherent SI Units and provide muJtiplying factors for converting numbers and miscellaneous units to corresponding new numbers and S1 Units

The first two digits of each numerical entry represent n power of 10 An astmiddoterisk follows each number which expresses an exact definition For exnmple the entry -02 254 expresses the fact that 1 inch=254 X 10-2 meter exactly by definition Most of the definitions are extracted from N ationaJ Bureau of Standards documents Numbers not followed by an asterisk are only approximate representations of definitions or are the results of physieal measurements

The conversion factors are listed alphabetically and by physicnl quantity The Listing by Physical Quantity includes only relationships which are frequently encountered

and deliberately omits the great multiplicity of combinations of units which are used for more specialized purposes Conversion factors for combinations of units are easily generated fronl numshybers given in the Alphabetical Listing by the technique of direct substitution or by other wellshyknown rules for manipulating units These rules are adequately discussed in many science and engineering textbooks and are not repeated here

ALPHABETICAL LISTING

To convert from to multiply by Ilbnmpere _____________________________ _ ampere _____________________ _

+ 01 100 abcoulomb _______________________ ~ _____ _ coulomb _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ + 01 100

~abfarad________________________ _______ _ farad _____________________ _ +09 100

abhenry_ __________________________ _ henry ______________________ _ -09 100Ilbmho________________________________ _ mho______________________ _ +09 100abohm _______________________________ _ ohm ______________________ _ -09 100abvolt _________________________________ _ volt _______________________ _ -OR 100

acrc __________________________________ _ meter ____________________ _ + oa 4046 R56 422 4 ampcrc (international of 1948L ___________ _ amperc _ 01 990R 35angstrom _____________________________ _ meter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ -10 100 arc______________________ bull ___________ _ meter______________________ _ +02 100

meter _____________________ _astronomical unit __ _ _ _ _ _ _____________ _ + 11 1495 978 9atmosphere_____________________________ _ ncwtonmeter_______________ _ +05 101325

bar__________________________ ~ ________ _ newtonmetcr2 _ -- _ -- --- ___ -- -- +05 100

barn _____-------- ______________________ _ meter _____________________ _ 1R 100 meter_____________________ _barrel (petroleum 42 gallons) _____________ _ - 01 1589 873barye__________________________________ _ newtonmetcr_______________ _ - 01 100 jOl~cBritish thermal unit (ISOTC 12gt- _______ _ + 03 105~ 06

British thermal unit (International StenmTable) _____________________________________ _ joule_______________________ _ +03 1055 04

British thermal uriit (mean) _ _ __ _ ______ _ joule_ _ _ _ ____________ ___ _ + 03 10)) 87 British thermal unit (thermochemical) _____ _ +03 10fi4 afiO 264 488 British thcrmnlllnit (300 F) ________ bull ___ _ 1~~~ ~~------ -~ ~~-~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~ +OJ 100 67 British thermal unit (600 F) _______ _ j OllIe _____ _________________ _ +03 104 68 bushel (USgt- _______________________ _ metcr3_____ _________ _ - 02 3523 907 016 688

To convert from cable___________________ _ caliber______ bull _______ ______ bull ___________ ~

calorie (International Steam Table) _______ _ calorie (mean) _______________ __ _ _ __ calorie (thermochemical) _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ calorie (15deg CL _______________________ _ caloric (200 C) __________________________ _

calorie (kilogram International Steam Table) _______________________________ _

caloric (kilogram mcan) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ calorie (kilogram thermochemicnl) _______ __ carat (metric) _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________ ~ ______ _ Celsius (tcmperatureL ___________________ _ ccntimeter of mcrcury (00 C) _____________ _ ccntimctcr of water (4deg C) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ chain (enginecr or ramden _______________ _ chain (surveyor or gunter) ___ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ circular miL____________________________ _ cord___________________________________ _

coulomb (internntional of 1948)___________ _ cubit__________________________________ _ cup___________________________________ _ curie__________________________________ _

day (mean solar) ____________________ ___ _ dny (sidercal) ___________________________ _ degree (angle) _________________________ _ denier (internntional) ____________________ _ dram (avoirdupois) ______________________ _ dram (troy or npothecary) _______________ _ dram (US fluid) _______________________ _ dyne__________________________________ _

electron volt_____ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _____ ____ ___ __ _ erg________________ _ ______ ___ _____ ______

Fahrenheit (temperature) __ _ _ __ ___ __ ___ _ _ _ Fahrenheit (temperature) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ farad (international of 1948) _____ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ faraday (based on carbon 12)____ ___ _ _ _ ___ _ faradny (chemical) _ ___ _____ ____ _ _ __ ____ _ _ faraday (physical)_______ _____ _ ________ ___ fathom_________________________________ fermi (femtometer)_______ _ __ __ __ __ ____ __ _ fluid ounce (US) ________________________ foot____________________________________ toot (US survey)_____ ____ __ ___ _ _ _ _______ foot (US survey)_____ ___ _ ____________ ___ fQot of water (3920 F) _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ foot-candle__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ foot-Iambert___ ___ ____ __ ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ furlong_________________________________

gal (galile-o) ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gallon (UK liquid) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gnlIon (US dry)_________________________ gallon (US liquid) ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

mCtcr_ _ _ _ ________________ _ joule_______________________ _ joulc______________________ _ j OllIe_______________________ _ joule _______________________ _ joule_______________________ _

joule_______________________ _ joulc______________________ _ j onle _____________ bull _________ _ kilogram _ __ _ ___________ _ kelvin _________________ _

newtonmctcr2bull _____ ---- --- shy

ncwtonmetcr2________________ mcter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ________ _ nlctcr ____________________ _ meter2_____________________ _ meter_____________________ _ coulomb____________________ _ metcr______________________ _ meter_____________________ _

disintegrationsecond_________ _

sccond (menn solar) __________ _ second (mean solar) __________ _rndinn _____________________ _

kilogfnmmeter___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ kilogram___________________ _ kilogram_ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ ________ _ meter _____________________ _ newton_____________________ _

joule_______________________ _ joule_______________________ _

kelvin ______________________ _ Celsius_____________________ _ farad ______________________ _ coulomb____________________ _ coulomb____________________ _ coulomb___________ ___ ____ _ metcr ____________________ _ meter _____________________ _ meter____________________ _ meter_____________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ newtonmeter2______________ _ lumenmeter______________ _ candelameter2______________ _

Dleter ______________________ _

metersecon d2_______________ _ metcr _____________________ _ mctcr3 ___________________ _

meter ____________________ _

multiply by

+02219456 -04254 +0041868 +00419002 +004184 +004185 80 +004181 90

+03 41868 +03419002 +034184 -04200 tJC= tc+27315 +03 133322 +01 980638 +01 3048 + 01 2011 68 -10 5067 074 8 + 00 3624 556 3 -01 999835 -01 4572 -04 2365 882 3S5middot + 10 370

+04 864 +04 8616 409 0 -021745 329 251 994 3 -07 100 -03 1771 845 105 312 5 -03 3887 9346 -06 3696 691 195 312 5 -05 100

-19 1602 10 -07 100

t1= (59) (t+45967) tc= (59) (tl- 32) -01 999505 +04 964870 +04 964957 +04 9652 19 +00 18288 -15 100 - 05 2957 352 956 25 -01 3048 +00 12003937 -01 3048 006 096 +03 298898 + 01 1076 391 0 + 00 3426 259 + 02 2011 68

-02 100 - 03 4546 087 - 03 4404 883 770 86 -03 3785 411 784

To convert from

gamma_________________________________ gauss___________________________________ gilbert_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ gill (UK) _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ____ gill (US) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ grad______ __ ___ _____ _____ ___ ____ _______ grad____________________________________ grain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ J

gram _________________________________

hand ______~------------------_- _____ _hectare __________________ ________ __ _

henry (international of 1948) _ ___________ _ hogshead (US) ___________________ __ _ horsepower (550 foot 1bfsecond) __________ _ horsepower (boiler) __________________ _ horsepower (electric) ____ __________ _ horsepower (metric) __________________ _ horsepower (UK) ____________________ _ horsepower (water) ___________________ _ hour (m(an solar) ____________ - _________ _ hour (sidereal) __________________________ _ hundredweight (long) ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ hundredweight (short) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _

inch___________________________________ _

inch of mercnry (320 F) _________________ _ inch of mcrcnry (600 F) __________________ _ inch of water (3920 F) __ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ inch of water (600 F) ___________________ _

joule (international of 1948) ______________ _

kayser_________________________________ _

kilocalorie (International Steam Table) ____ _ kilocalorie (mean) _______ _______________ _ kilocalorie (thermochemical) ______________ _ kilogram mass __________________ bull _______ _ kilogram force (kgf) _____________________ _ kilopond f )rce __________________________ _ kip___________________________ ________ _ knot (international) _ _ _ _________________ _

lambert_______________________________ _ lambert_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ langley __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______________ _ lbf (pound force avoirdupois) ____________ _ Ibm (pound mas~ avoirdupois) ___________ _ league (British nautical) ________________ _ league (international nautical) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ league (statute) _________________________ _ light year_____________________________ _ link (engineer or ramden) ______________ _ link (surveyor or gunter) _________________ _ liter___________________________________ _ lux_________________ __________________ _~

maxwelL _______________________________

tesla_______________________ _ tesla_______________________ _ amperc turn ________ - - - - - - - - shymeterJ_____________________ _ tneter3 ____________________ - shy

degree (angular) _____________ _ radian _____________________ _ kilogram - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- kilogram ___________________ _

meter ___________________ _ meter2 __________ _ _ _ ______ _ henry ______________________ _ mnterJ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ watt ______________________ _ watt _____________________ _ watt ______________________ _ watt ______________________ _ watt _____ - ________________ _ watt ___________________ _

s(cond (nHan solar) ________ _ second (mean solnr) _________ _ kilogram _ _______________ __ kilogram _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ shy

meter______________________ _

newtonmotorl ___ _ _ _____ _ newtonmetor __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ shyncwtonmetorl _ _ ___ _ ______ _ newtonmeter2 ______________

joule_______________________ _

lmeter ____________________ joule _______________________ _ joule______________________ _ joulc__bull ____________________ _ kilogram _ _________________ _ newton_____________________ _ newton_____________________ _ newton ____________________ _

metersecond ______ _ ______ _

candelamctcr2 _________ _

candelamcter2 ________ - shy

joule meter2 ________ ________ _ newton_____________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ mcter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meter______________________ _

meter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ meter_____________________ _ meterJ _____________________ _ Iumenmeter _______________ _

weber _____________ bull ______

multiply by

-09 100 -04 100 -01 7957 747 2 -04 1420 652 -04 1182 941 2 -01 900 -021570 796 3 -056479891 -03 100

-01 1016 +04 l00 +00 1000 49 - 0 1 2384 809 423 92 + 02 74il6 998 7 +03 9S0950 +02 746 +02 7354 99 +02 7457 +02 746043 +()~ aGo +oa 3590 1704 +01 50RO 234 544 +01 453) 923 7

-02 254 +03 33~6 389 +03 337685 +02 249082

+02 24884

+00 1000 165

+02 100 +03 4186 74 +03 419002 +03 41~4

+00 100 +00 980665 +00 980665 + 03 4448 221 615 260 5 -01 5144444444

+04 VJr +03 31830988 +04 4184 +00 4448221 615 260 5 - 01 4535 923 7 +03 5559 552 +03 5556 +03 4828032 + 15 946055 -01 3048 -01 2011 68 -03 100 +00 100

-08 100

______________________ _

To convert from mete~ ____________________________ bull ___ _ micron______________________________ _

mil _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______________________ _ mile (uS statute) ____________________ _ mile (UK nautical) ____________________ _ mile (international mmtical) _______ ____ _ mile (US nl1utical) _________________ _ millibar _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ millimeter of mercury (00 C) _____________ _ minute (angle)_______ _ _______________ _ minute (mean solar) _____________________ _ minute (sidereal) _____________ ______ __ _ month (menn cnlndarL _________ _

nautical mile (international) __ _ _ _ _ _______ _ nautical mile (USL _________________ _ nautical mile (UK)__ _ _______________ _

oersted____ _ __________________ _

ohm (international of 104R) _ _ __________ _ ounce force (l1voirdupoiR) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ounce mass (avoirdupois) ________________ _ ounce mass (troy or apothecary) ______ ___ _ ounce (US fluid) _______________________ _

pace___________________________________ _ parsec ________________________________ _ pascal ________________________________ _ peck (uS) ____________________________ _ pennyweight ___________________________ _ perch_______________________________ _ phot___________________________________ _

pica (printers) ______________ ~ ___________ _ pint (US dry) _______ _________ bull ______ _ pint (US liquidL _________ bull ___________ _ point (printers) ________________________ _ poise _________________________________ _ pole__________ ______________________ _

pound force (lbf avoirdupois) ____________ _ pound mass (Ibm avoirdupois) ____________ _ pound mass (troy or apothecary) __________ _ poundal_______ ~ ________________________ _

quart (US dry) ________________________ _ quart (US liquid) ______________________ _

rad (radiation dose absorbed) _____________ _ Rankine (temperature) __________________ _ rayleigh (rate of photon emission) _________ _ rhe____________________________________ _ rod _________ ~ __________________________ _ roentgen _______________________________ _ rutherford______________________________ _

second (angle) __________________________ _ second (ephemeris) ______________________ _ second (mean solar) _____________________ _

wavelengths Kr 86____ _ mpter_ _ _ _ _________________ _ meter______ _ nl(ter______________________ _ middotrncter_____________________ _ rnotcr_____________________ _ meter_ _ ___________________ _ newtonmeter ______________ _ newtonmeter2 _ _ __________ _

radian______ _ ____________ _ second (mean solar) __________ _ second (mean solar) ________ _ scond (mean solar) __________ _

lnetcr_________________ __ _~

mcter_____________________ _ meter_______ _

ampcrmcter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ohm __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ newton_________________ kilogram _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kilogram _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ meter3 __ _ _____________ _

meter______________________ _ meter_____________________ _

newtonmeter2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - shy

mcter3 ______ _____________ _ kilogram ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meter____________________ _ lumenmeter2 _______________ _

meter______________________ _ mctcr3 _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter3 _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bull m~ter______________________ _

newton secondmetCr2________ _ meter_ _ _ _ _ _______________ _ newton_____________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ newton______________________

metera ________ ---- --- _--- --- shymete~

joulekilogram _______________ _ kelvin _______________________ _ lsecond meter2_____________ _ meterlnewton second ________ _ meter______________________ _

coulombkilogram ___________ _ disintegrationsccond_________ _

radinn______________________ _ second _____________________ _

second (ephemeris) __________ _

multiply by

+ 06 1610 763 73 -06 100 -05 254 +03 1609 344 +03 1853 184 +03 1812 +03 1852 +02 100 + 02 1333 224 - 04 2908 882 086 66 +01 600 +01 S083 617 4 +06 2628

+03 1852 +03 1852 + 03 1853 184

+01 79S7 747 2 + 00 1000 49ii

01 27RO 13R -02 2834 02 312 5 -02 3110347 68 -OS 297 352 956 25

-01 762 + 16 308374 +00 100 - 03 8809 767 541 72 -03 1555 173 84 +00 10292 +04 100 -03 4217 5176 - 04 S506 104 713 575 -04 4731 764 73 - 04 3514 598 -01 100 +00 50292 +00 4448 221 615 260 5 - 01 4535 923 7 -01 3732417 216 -01 1382549 543 76

-03 1101 220942715 -04 9463 529 5

-02 LOO t1(= (50)t R

+ 10 100 +01 100 +00 50292 - 04 2579 76 +06 100

- 06 4848 136 811 + 00 1000000000 Consult American Ephemeris

and Nautical Almanac

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

To convert from to

second (flidereal) __ _ second (mean solar) __________ _ section______ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ __ ____ _ _ _ _____ ___ metcr______________________ _ scruple (apothecary) ______________________ kilogram ________ w ________ _

shake______ w____________________________ second _____________________ _ skein_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ w meter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______w_

slug _______ w kilogram ___________________ _ ____________________________

- span_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meter_ __________________ __ _ statampere_____________________ ________ ampere_____________________ _ statcoulomb__ ____ ____ _____ _______ _ _ _____ coulomb ___________________ _ statfarad______ _________________________ farad _______________________ _ stathcnry _______________________________ hcnry ______________________ _ statmho mho _________ _____________ _ __________ ~______________________ ~

~tatohm_______________________________ _ ohnl ______________________ _

statute milc (US) _____________________ _ metcr_____________________ _ statvolt__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___________________ _ voU________________________ _ sterc________________________ _ metcr3----- ________________ - shy

stUb____ _ _______________ _ candclameter __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ stoke_______________________ _ metcr2second _______________ _

tablcspoon _____________________________ _ mctcr3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - shy

tcaspoon_______________________________ _ nlctctJ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ton ____________________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ (as~ay)

ton (long) ______________________________ _ kilogram _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ton (metric) ____________________________ _ kilogram __________________ _

joule______________________ _ton (nuclcar equivalcnt of TNT) __________ _ ton (register) __________________________ _ mcter3 _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ ton (short 2000 pound) _________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ tonnc__________________________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ torr (0deg C) _____________________________ _ newtonmeter_______ ~ ______ _ township_______________________________ _ metcr _____________________ _

unit pole _____________ __________________ _ weber ______________________ _

volt ________________________ _volt (international of 1948) _______________ _

watt_______________________ _watt (international of 1948) ______________ _

yard___________________________________ _ meter______________________ _ year (calendar) _________________________ _ second (mean solar)__________ _ year (sidereal) __________________________ _ second (mcan solar __________ _ year (tropical)_ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ______ _ second (mean solar)____ - _____ _ year 1900 tropical Jan day 0 hour 12 __ _ second (cphemeris) __________ _

second_____________________ _year 1900 tropical Jan day 0 hour 12___ _

LISTING BY PHYSICAL QU-ANTITY

ACCELERATlON footsecond _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mctersecond2 ______________ _

frce fall standard_______________________~- metersecond _______________ _ gal (galileo)_ ___ ____ __ ____ ____ _____ ___ ___ metersecond ______________ _ inchsecond2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metersecond________ -_______ _

AREA acre____________________________________ rneter2 _____________________ _ are_____________________________________ rnetcr2 _____________________ _ barn_____________ ~______________________ mctcra_________ ~ __________ _

circular mil __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter _____________________ _

multiply by

-01 9972 6957 +06 2589988 110336 -03 1~295 9782 -08 100 +02 109728 + 01 1459 39029 -01 2286 -10 3335 640

10 3335640 - 12 1112 650 + 11 8987 554 -12 1112 650 + 11 8987 554 + 03 1609 344 +02 2997925 +00 100 +04 100 -04 100

-01) 1478 676 478 125 06 middot102R 921 93 75

-02 2916 666 6 + 03 1016 046908 8 +03 100 +09 420 +00 2831 684 659 2 + 02 9071 847 4 +03 100 +02 133322 +07 93239572

-07 1256637

+00 1000330

+ 00 1000 165

-01 9144 +07 31536 +07 3155 815 0 +07 3155 692 6 +07 3155 692 597 47 + 07 3155 692 597 47

-01 3048 +00 980665 - 02 1O( -02 254

+03 4046 856 422 4 +02 100 -28 100 -10 50670748

To convert from to fooV __________________________________ _ meter2 _____________________ _ hectare________________________________ _ meter2 _____________________ _ inch

2__________________________________ _ meter2 _____________________ _

mile2 (US statute) ____________________ _ meter2 _____________________ _ section_________________________________ _ metcr _____________________ _ township______________________________ _ meter2 _____________________ _ yard __________________________________ _ mcter2 _____________________ _2

DENSITY grnmcentimctetl___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ kilogrammeter ____________ _ Ibminch3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kilogrammeter3 _____________ _ Ibmfoot3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kilogrammeter3 _____________ _ slugfooV__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kilogrammeter3_____________ _

ENERGY joule __________________ _ British thermal unit (ISOTC 12) _________ _

British thermal unit (International SteamTable ______________________ bull _______ _ jOltle_______________________ _

British thermal unit (moan) ______________ _ joulc_______________________ _ joulc _______________________ _British thermal unit (thermochemical) _____ _ joulc_______________________ _British thermal unit 39deg F ______________ _ joulc_______________________ _British thermnl unit (600 F) ______________ _ joulc_______________________ _ caloric (International Steam Table) ________ _

calorie (mean) __________________________ _ joulo_______________________ _ joule _______________________ _ calorie (thermochemical) _________________ _

calorie (150 C) __________________________ _ joule_______________________ _ calorie (200 C) __________________________ _ joulc_______________________ _

joule_______________________ _ calorie (kilogram Internntional Steam Table) _ joulc _______________________ _ calorie (kilogram menn) _________________ _ joule_______________________ _ calorie (kilogram thermochemical) ________ _

electron volt ______________ _____________ _ joule _______________________ _ erg____________________________________ _ joule _______________________ _ footlbf ____________________________ ___ _~ joulc_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ foot poundaL __________________________ _ joule _______________________ _

ioule_______________________ _ joule (international of 19(8) _____ --------- shy

Joule ______________________ _ kilocalorie (International Steam Table) ___ _ joulc _______________________ _ kilocalorie (mean) _______________________ _ joule _______________________ _ kilocalorie (thermochemical) ______________ _

kilowatt hour _____ ______________________ _ joule_______________________ _ joule ______________________ _ kilowatt bour (intcrnational of 19(8) __ - ___ _ joulc _______________________ _ ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) __________ _

watt hour_____________ _________________ _ joule_______________________ _

ENERGYAREA TIME Btu (thermochemical) foot2 second____ _ _ __ _ _ wattmetel ____ ____________ _ Btu (thermocliemical)jfoot2 minute____ _ _ __ __ wattmeter _________________ _ Btu (thermochemical)jfoot2 hour___ ___ _ _ ____ wattmeter _________________ _ Btu (thermochcmical)inch2 second____ __ ____ wattmeter ________________ _ caloric (thcrmochemical)cm2 minute__ _ _ _ __ _ wattmeter________________ _ ergcentimeter2 second__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ wattmeter4_________________ _ wattcentimetel____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wattmeter4 ____________ ~ bullbull __ _

dyne____________________________________ newton_____________________ _ kilogram force (kgO _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pewton_____________________ _

multiply by

- 02 9290 304 +04 100 -04 64516 +06 2589 988 110336 + 06 2589 988 110 336 + 07 9323 957 2 - 01 8361 273 6

+03 100 + 04 2767 990 5 + 01 1601 8463 +02 5153 79

+03 105506

+03 1055 04 +03 1Ol5 87 + 03 1054 350 264 488 +03 105967 +03 105468

+00 41868 +00 419002 +00 4184 +00 4185 80 +00 4181 90 +03 41868 +03 419002 +03 4184 -19 1602 10 -07 100middot +00 1355 8179 -02 4214011 0 +00 1000 165 +03 41868 +03 419002 +03 4184 +06 360 +06 360059 +09 420 +03 360

+04 1134893 1 +02 1891 488 5 +00 3152 4808 +06 16342462 +02 6973 333 3 -03 100 +04 100

-05 100 +00 980665

To convert from

kilopond force_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ kip_____________________________________ _

lbf (pound force avoirdupois) _____________ _ ounce force (avoirdupois) _________________ _ pound force lbf (avoirdupois) _____________ _poundal_________________________________ _

angstrom _______________________________ _ astronomical uniL _______________________ _ cable___________________________________ _ caliber __________________________________ _ chain (surveyor or gunter) ________________ _ chain (engineer or ramden) ________________ _ cubit _________ ~ _________________________ _ fathom _____________________ ____________ _ fermi (femtometer) ___________ __________ _ foot _________________________________ _

foot (US survey ______________________ _ foot (US survey) ________________________ _ furlong _________________________________ _ hand__________________________________ _ inch____________________________________ _

league (U K nan tical) ____________________ _ league (international nautical) _____________ _ league (statute __________________ _______ _ Iigh t year__ _ _ _ _ _ _______________________ _ link (engineer or ramden _________________ _ link (surveyor or gunter__________________ _ meter __________________________________ _ micron__________________________________ _ mil____________________________________ _

mile (US statute _______________________ _ mile (UK nautical ______________________ _ mile (international nau tical) _______________ _ mile (US nautical) ______________________ _ nautical mile (UK) ______________________ _ nautical mile (international) _______________ _ nautical mile (US) ______________________ _ pace ____________________________________ _ parsec __________________________________ _ perch ___________________________________ _

pica (printers) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________ _ poin t (printers) __________________________ _ pole __________________________________ _ rod ___________________ _________________ _ ~

skein________ _ ________________________ _ span____________________________________ _

statute mile (US) _______________________ _ yard_____________________ ~______________ _

carat (metric) ___________________________ _ dram (a voirdll pois) _______________________ _ dram (troy or apothecary) _ __ _ ___________ _ grain ____________________________________ _ gram___________________________________ _

to newton ________ _ newtou ____________________ _

newton___________ - ______ - - - shyncvton_________________ ~---newton_____________________ _ newton_____________________ _

LENGTH meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ nleter ________ _____________ _ ~

meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter_____________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _

meter____________ ---------- shylueter _____________________ _ Ineter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _

wavelengths Kr 86___________ _ meter______________________ _ meter_____________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ zneter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter_ _ _-__________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter_____________________ _ meter____________________ _ meter______________________ _

kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram __________________ _ kijograrn ___________________ _

multiply by

+ 00 9806 65 +03 4448221 615260 5 +00 4448 221 615 260 5 -01 2780 1385 + 00 4448 221 615 260 5 - 01 1382 549 543 76

-10 100 + 11 1495 978 9 +02 2194 56 -04 254 +01 2011 68 +01 3048 -01 4572 +00 18288 -15 100 -01 3048 +00 12003937 - 01 3048 006 096 +02 2011 68 -01 1016 -02 254 + 03 5559 52 +03 5556 +03 4828032 +15 946055 -01 3048 -01 2011 68 +06 1650763 73 -06 100 -05 254 +03 1609344 + 03 1853 184 +03 1852 +03 1852 + 03 1853 184 +03 1852 +03 1852 -01 762 +16 308374 +00 50292 -03 4217 517 6 -04 3514 598 +00 50292 +00 50292 + 02 1097 28 -01 2286 +03 1609 344 -01 9144

-04 200 -03 1771 845 195 312 S - 03 3887 934 6 -m 6479 891 -03 100

To convert from

hundredweigh t (long) ____________________ _ hundredweigh t (short) _ ____ ____________ _ kgf second2 meter (mass) _________________ _ kilogram mass _________________ _________ _ Ibm (pound mass Iwoirdupois) ____________ _ ounce mass (avoirdupois) _________________ _

ounce mass (troy or apothecary) ___________ _ pennyweight _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________ _ pound mass Ibm (avoirdupois) _______ ____ _ pound mass (troy or apothecary) ___________ _ scruple (apothecary) ______________________ _ slug____________________________________ _ ton (assay) ______________________________ _ ton (long) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __________________ _ ton (metric) _________________ - ________ _ ton (short 2000 pound) ___________________ _ tonne__________________________________ _

Btu (thermochcmical) second __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Btu (thermochemical) minutc _____________ _ calorie (thcrmochcmical)sccond ____ _______ _

caloric (thcrmochcmical)minutc ____ ______ _ foot IMhoHr ____________________________ _ foot Ibfminutc __________________________ _ foot lbfsccond __________________________ _ horsepower (550 foot Ibfsecond) ___________ _ horsepower (boil er) _______________________ _ horsepower (electric) _____________________ _ horsepowcr (metric) ______________________ _ horsepower (UK) ______________________ _ horsepower (water) _______________________ _ kilocalorie (thermochcmieal)minntc ________ _ kilocaloricmiddot(thermochemical)second________ _ watt (international of 1948) _____ bull _ __ bull _ __ _

atmosphere_____ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bar_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ barye_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ centimeter of mcrcury (0deg C) _____ __________ centimeter of water (4deg C) _________________ dynecentimeter__ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ foot of water (392deg F) _____________________ inch of mercury (32deg F)____________________ inch of mercury (60deg F) ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ inch of water (392deg F)-------------------shyInch of water (60deg F)---------------------shy

kgfcentimeterl _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _

kgfmeterl____ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ lbffootl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

lbfinchmiddot (pan-------____ ___ ___ ___ ____ __ ___ millibar _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ millimeter of mercury (00 C)___________ ___ pascal __ ______________ __ _ _ __ ___ _______ __ psi (lbfinchl )___ __ _ ____ _ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _

torr (0deg C) ________ bull _______________ - _ _ _ _ _ _

to kilogram _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ kilogram _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ - - __ _ kilogrnm ___________ bullbull _____ _ kilogram_ bull _____ ____ _____ -_ kilogram ____ _____ _______ shykilogram __________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram___________________ _ kilogram_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ kilogram _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram _________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _ kilogram ___________________ _

POWER watt _________________ _ watt_______________ ~ _______ _ watt_______________________ _ watt_______________________ _

middotwatt_______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ watt______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ vatt________________ ______ _ watt_______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ watt______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ watt_______________________ _ watt______________________ _

PRESSURE newtonmeter2_______________ _ newton metermiddot ______________ _ newtonmeter_______________ _ newtonmeterl _______________ _

newtonmeter ______________ _ newtonmeter_______________ _ newtonmeterl _______________ _

newtonmeter________________ _ newtonmeter l ______________ _

newtonmeter ______________ _ newtonmeterS_- _____________ _

newtonmeterl _____________ --shy

newtonmeterl ______________ _

newton meter _______________ _ newtonmeter__ - ____________ _ newtonl meter2 _______________ _ newtonmetcr ______________ _ newtonmeterl _______________ _

newtonmeter _______________ _ newtonmeter______________ _

multiply by

+01 5080234 544 + 01 4535 923 7 +00 980665 +00 100 - 01 4535 923 7 - 02 2834 952 312 5 -02 311034768 -03 1555 173 84 - 01 4535 923 7 -01 3732 417 216 -03 1295 978 2 +01 1459 390 29 -0229166666 +03 1016 0469088 +03 100 +029071 847 4 +03 100

+03 1054350264488 + 01 177 250 4 +00 4184 - 02 6973 333 3 - 04 3766 161 0 - 02 2259 696 6 +00 1355 817 9 +02 74569987 +03 980950 +02 746 +02 7354 99 +02 7457 +02 746043 +01 6973 333 3 +03 4184 +00 1000 165

+05 1013 25 +05 100 -01 100 +03 1333 22 +01 980638 -01 100 +03 29S898 + 03 3386 389 +03 337685 +02 249082 +02 24884 + 04 9806 65 + 00 9806 65 +01 4788 025 8 + 03 6894 757 2 +02 100 + 02 1333 224 +00 100 + 03 6894 757 2 +02 133322

To convert from

foothour ______________________________ _ footminute ____________________________ _ footampecond _____________________________ _ inchsecond ____________________________ _ kilometerhour__________________________ _ knot (international) _____________________ _ milehour (US statute) _________________ _ mileminute (US statute) _______________ _ milesecond (US statute) _______________ _

Ce~ius________________________________ _ Fahrenheit_____________________________ _ Fahrenheit__________________________ _ Itankine______________________________ _

day (mean solar)_______________________ __ day (sidereal)____________________________ hour (mean ~ohlr)--------------------- __ hour (sidereal) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ minute (mean solar)____ _________________ minute (sidereal)_____ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ month (mean calendar) _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ second (ephemeris) ______ bull ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ second (mean solar) _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___

second (sidereal)------------------------ shyyear (calendar) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ __ __ year (sidereal) _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ___ year (tropical)_________________________ __ year 1900 tropical Jan day 0 hour 12_ _ _ _ year 1900 tropical Jan day 0 hour 12_ ___

centistoke__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ______ __ _____ ____ _ _

stoke___________________________________ footfsecond_ _ __ ___ ___ _ _ ___ _ _ __ ____ ____ __ centipoisebullbull _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ibmfoot second____ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ lbf secondfootS------ -------- __________ poise_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ poundal secondfootS _____ bull _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slugfoot second___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ rhe___ __ ___ __ _ _ __ ______ ______ __ ___ ____ _ _

acre foot ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ barrel (petroleum 42 gallonamp) ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ board foot __________________________ bull _ _ _ bushel (US)___ __ _ __________ _ __ __ ____ __ _ cord____________________________________

metersecond________________ _ metersecond---- _______ - __ - - shymetersecond_____________ - ___ _ metersecond_________________ _ metersecond---- _____________ _ metersecond---- ________ - ____ _ metersecond _________________ _ metersecond----- ____________ _ metersecond---- ____________ _

TEMPERATURE kelvin _______________________ _ kelvin_ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ _ Ce~ius ______________________ _ kelvin _______________________ _

second (mean solar) ____ ______ _ second (mean solar)----------- shysecond (mean solar) ___________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ _ ampecond ______________________ _ second (ephemeris) ___________ _

second (mean solar) __________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ _ second (mean solar) ___________ shysecond (mean solar)----------- shysecond (ephemeris) ___________ _ second _________________ bull ____ _

VISCOSITY meter2second- _______________ _

rnete~second----------------meterssecond ________________ _ newton secondmeterS ________ _ newton secondmeterl _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _

newton secondmeter------- __ newton secondmeter2____ bull ___ _

newton secondmeterS _ _ _ _____ newton secondmeterS _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ meterlnewton second __ bull ______ _

VOLUME meter ______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter______________________ _ meter ______________________ _

middot~eter_____________ ________ _

multiply by

-05 8466 666 6 -03 508 -01 3~048 -02 2 54 -01 2777 777 8 -01 5144444444 -01 44704 + 01 2682 24 +03 1609 344

tK=tc+27315 t1(= (59) (t p +45967) tc= (59) (t p -32) t1(= (59)tR

+04 864 + 04 86164090 +03 360 +03 3590 1704 +01 600 +01 5083 6174 +06 2628 + 00 1000 000 000 Consult American Ephemeris

and Nautical Almanac -01 9972 695 7 +07 31536 + 07 3155 815 0 +07 3155 692 6 +07 3155 692 597 47 +07 3155 692 59747

-06 100 -04 100 -02 9290 304 -03 100 +00 l4gS 163 9 + 01 4iS8 025 8 -01 100 + 00 1488 163 9 +01 47880258 +01 100

+03 1233481 9 -01 1589873 -03 2359 737 216 -02 3523 907 016 688 +00 3624 556 3

To convert from to multiply by eu p __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter3 ______________________ _ - 04 2365 882 365 dram (US fluid) ______________________ mctcrJ ______________________ _ -06 3696 691 195 312 5 fluid ounce (US) _______________ __ ___ ___ mcter3____________ ~ _____ - ___ _ -05 2957 35295625 foot3___________ ___ __ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ __ _ ___ meter3 ______________________ _ -02 2831 684 659 2 gallon (UK liquid) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meter3 _________________ - ____ _ - 03 4546 087 gallon (US dry) _______________ ____ ____ _ meter3 ______________________ _ -03 4404 883 77086 gallon (US liquid) _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter3 ______________________ _ -03 3785411 784

gill (UK) _ _ ___________________ _ ____ _ ___ meter3 ______________________ _ -04 1420652 gill (US)___ ___________ ____ ___ ___ ___ _ _ __ meter3______________________ _ -04 1182941 2 hogshead (US) _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ meter_______ ____________ __ - 01 2384 809 423 92 inch3 bull bullbull _____________________ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metcr3 ______________________ _ -05 16387064 liter_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter3 ____________ _________ _ -03 100 ounce (US fluid) __ ____________ ______ _ meter3 ______________________ _ -05 2957 35295625 peek (US) ___ _ _____ _ ____ _ __ _ _ _ _____ _ __ metcr3_____ bull ________________ _ -03 8809 767 541 72 pint (US dry) __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metcr-t ______________________ _ -04 5506 104 713 575 pint (US liquid) _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ meter3 ______________________ _ -04 4731 764 73~ quart (US dry) __ ____ _________ _ __ ___ ____ metera ______________________ _ -03 1101 220942 715 quart (US liquid) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcter3 ~ _____________________ _ -04 9463529 5 amptcrc___________________________________ mcter3 ____ bull _________________ _ +00 100tablespoon ______________________________ mctcr3 ______________________ _

-05 1478676 478 1~5 teaspoon________________________________ meter3 ______________________ _ - 06 4928 921 593 75 ton (register) _________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________________ __ mete~ + 00 2831 684 659 2yard ___________________________________ meter______________________ _

3 -01 7645 548 57 84

BIBLIOGRAPHY

JUDSON L V Units of Weight and Measurc NBS Misc Pub 233 US Dept Com Dec 20 1960

JUDSON L V Weights and Measures Standards of the United States a Brief History NBS Misc Pub 247 US Dept Com Oct 1963

MECHTLY E A The International System of Units Physical Constants and Conversion Factors NASA SP-7012 fourth printing Sept 1966

MOREAU H The Twelfth General Conference of Weights and Measures Metrologia vol 1 no 1 Jan 1965 p 27

TAYLOR B N W H PARKER ANDD N LANGENshyberg Determination of elh Using Macroscopic Quantum Phase Coherence in Superconductors Implications for Quantum Electrodynamics and the Fundamental Physical Constants Reviews of Modshyem Physics vol 41 no 3 July 1969 pp 375--496

TERRIEN J Scientific Metrology on the International Plane and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesuree Metrologia vol I no I Jan 1965 p 15

TERRIEN J News From the International Bureau of Weights and Measures Metrologia vol 4 no 1 Jan 1968 p 41

ANON Definitions of Basic 81 Units Mctrologia voL 4 no 3 1968 p 147

ANON Corrigendum Notice Metrologia vol 5 no 1 Jan 1969 p 33

ANON Proces-Verhaux Coroite International des Poids et Mesures Gauthier-Villars amp Cie (Paris) Oct 29 1946

ANON NBS Handbook 102 (A8TM Metric Practice Guide) Mar 10 1967 p 42

ANON Units and Systems of Weights and Measures Their Origin Development and Present Status NBS Letter Cire LC 1035 Jan 1960

ANON NBS IntcrpretI Policy on ST Units NBS Tech New~ Bull vol l2 no 6 JU11e 1968 p 121

ANON ComptcA Rcndus des Smnces de Ill Onziemc Conference Generale dc~ Poids ct Mesurcs GauthiershyVillars amp Cie (Paris) 1960 (Available as NASA TT F-217)

Js GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1970 0--354-825