SCIENTIFIC WRITING

By:

Rajinder Sandhu

Research Scholar in

Cloud Computing & its Applications

WHY WRITE A JOURNAL? Got Promotion and Recognization. Spread information to community of

researchers. Contribute to pool of knowledge. Provide information to interpret your

and others experimental results. Helps in advancement of human race.

AUDIENCE Most Important aspect to keep in mind

while writing a scientific journal. Decides what information to include and

which to left. Don't write your paper for your

supervisor.

IMPORTANT POINTS Order and Organize first

Create a Skeleton of Paper.Start writing and then do Research. Information should be in appropriate

section. Writing should be

In Complete Sentences.Easily understood.As few words as necessary

“Fuzzy Writing Reflects Fuzzy Thinking”

IMPORTANT POINTS Paragraph should

Has clear topic.Be brief.Be clear and concise.

Words should be-Not ambiguous and Technical.Do not write words people never heard of.Never use write speech, slag or childish

words.Never use contraction (for e.g. Do not

instead of Don’t)

IMPORTANT POINTS Use Past Tense. Limit the use of first person.

Can be used in result section if necessary. Limit the use of passive verbs.

FLOWCHART TO WRITE A JOURNAL1. Balanced review of Primary Literature

What is known about the topic. Avoid repeating work done by others.

2. Write the Introduction. After refining the hypothesis.

3. Design and Conduct of Experiments.4. Analyze and Interpret Results.

Includes Data Summaries (mean, s.d.) Statistical Results. Tables and Figures

FLOWCHART TO WRITE A JOURNAL5. Write the Result Section.

Do not interpret results here.

6. Write the Discussion. Result relation with hypothesis. Compare with existing literature.

7. Write the Abstract and Title.8. Self Revise Your Paper

Atleast 3-4 times. Read it aloud.

SECTIONS OF PAPERS

Experimental Process Section of Paper

What did I do in the nutshell? Abstract

What is the problem? Introduction

How did I solve the Problem? Proposed Method\Model\Architecture

What did I found out? Results

What does it mean? Discussion

Who helped me out? Acknowledgments

Whose work did I refer to? References

Extra Information Appendices

TITLE Title should be

ShortUnambiguousDescribe AreaDescribe Technique

Example“Architecture for efficient resource

provisioning in hybrid cloud environment”“Resource provisioning”

ABSTRACT Most important part of any journal. An abstract summarizes major aspect of

the entire journal. Length should be 200-300 words

maximum. Limit statements to 2 or 3 sentences. Reader decides whether to read paper

or not. ONLY text. Use past tense.

ABSTRACT CONTAINS Questions investigated (from

Introduction)State purpose clearly (1-2 lines)

Experiment Design and MethodsExpress basic design clearly (2-3 lines)

Major Findings Identify trends, relative change or

differences Interpretation and Conclusion

How research is helpful to community.

ABSTRACT General Question Specific General Must be written last. Donot include lengthy background

information Donot include abbreviations or terms

confusing to reader. Donot include illustrations, figures etc. Donot include any reference if

necessary.

INTRODUCTION What was I studying? Why was it an important question? What we know about it before I did this

study? How this study advances our

knowledge?

INTRODUCTION Start by clearly identifying subject area. Establish the primary research

literature. Donot cite any encyclopedias,

textbooks, lab manuals etc. Clearly state the purpose of study

investigated.“The purpose of this study is blah blah blah”

Provide brief introduction too your approach.“In this paper, blah blah blah”

PROPOSED WORK Discuss proposed work clearly

Use figures, flowchart to improve presentation.

State clearly foundation of any statistical or mathematical procedure used.

Should containProposed architecture studied.Experimental or sampling design.Protocol to collect data.How data is analyzed (statistical

procedures).

RESULTS Use the past tense. Objectively present your results and

donot interpret them here. Use of tables and figures should be done

to express results clearly. Donot show same result in both figure

and table. Report important negative results also. Present the results in logical sequence.

DISCUSSION Second Most important part of journal. Interpret you results in the light of what

was already known. It is always connected to introduction

but donot simply repeat the introduction.

Use active voice as much as possible. Compare your results with others work. Donot introduce new results here.

DISCUSSION Do your results provide answer to your

hypothesis? Do your findings agree with what others

have shown? What is your new understanding of

problem? What should be next step in this study? How it affects research community in

larger context?

CHECKING THE MANUSCRIPT Does it say what you wanted to say? Do the Tables and Figures have

sufficient information to stand alone outside the context of the paper?

Can you shorten long sentences to clarify them?

Can you change passive verbs to active forms?

Do the Tables and Figures have sufficient information to stand alone outside the context of the paper?

QUESTIONS