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SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME AND CEMENT
University of Asia Pacific (UAP)
Contents• Introduction• Objective of this study• Literature Review• Test Program• Analysis of Experimental Results • Conclusions
IntroductionSoil Improvement • To increase bearing capacity and stability (avoid failure ) • To reduce post construction settlements • To reduce liquefaction risk (seismic areas)Before soil improvement:
• Check for suitability or feasibility of using different types of foundation (pile / raft)
• Soil replacement
• Expensive
• Different Methods:
• Soil stabilization
• Dynamic compaction and replacement
• Vertical drains
• Vibroflottation
• Stone columns
• Inclusions
Soil Improvement Techniques
Impact of Present Study in Bangladesh• Seismic zone• Filled zones are susceptible to liquefaction• Factor of safety against liquefaction is more, if filled
material contains fine materials• Soil stabilization would be a possible method for
minimizing the probability of liquefaction during earthquake loading.
Soil StabilizationBell (1993):
• Soil stabilization is the process of mixing additives with soil to improve
• volume stability
• strength
• permeability and
• durability
Objective of this study• To study the effect of additives (lime and cement) on
soil properties, in terms of the following parameters:• Atterberg limits• Maximum dry density• Optimum moisture content
Literature Review• Review the literature on soil stabilization using different additives• Lime Stabilization• Plasticity reduction
• Reduction in moisture-holding capacity (drying)• Swell reduction• Improved stability
• Cement Stabilization• It is widely available• Cost is relatively low• It is highly durable• Soil cement is quite weather resistant and strong.
• Flyash Stabilization • Strength - to increase the strength and bearing capacity.• Volume stability - to control the swell-shrink characteristics caused by
moisture changes.• Durability - to increase the resistance to erosion, weathering or traffic
loading. • To reduce the pavement thickness as well as cost.
• Blast Furnace Slug• strength - to increase the strength and bearing capacity.• volume stability - to control the swell-shrink characteristics caused by moisture changes.• durability - to increase the resistance to erosion, weathering or traffic loading.
Literature Review
Literature ReviewMethod of Soil Stabilization1. Soil Lime Stabilization
2. Cement Lime Stabilization
• Soil Type: Natural clay soil
• Location: Ekiti State, Nigeria
• It was collected at 1m depth below the ground level
• Additive: Hydrated high calcium lime, Ca(OH)2
Soil Stabilization: Lime as Additive Flaherty.C 2002
Effect of Lime on Atterburg Limits
• LL: relatively constant• PL: varies with % of lime
Fig 1: Atterberg Limits test results
Effect of Lime on OMC and MDD
Fig 2: Compaction test results
•MDD: varies between 1680 and 1780 kg/m3 • OMC: varies between 18% and 21.5%
• Soil Type: Reddish brown laterite soil
• Classified as A-2-7(0) using AASHTO soil classification system • Location: 22 km from Makurdi, Nigeria• Obtained from: River Benue in Makurdi• Additives: Ordinary Portland cement
Soil Stabilization: Cement as Additives Feng.T
2002
Property Quantity Cement content 0
Liquid Limit (%) 41
Plastic Limit (%) 24
Plasticity Index (%) 17
Linear Shrinkage (%) 14
Maximum Dry Density (WAS)Mg/m³ 1.88
Optimum Moisture Content (%) 12.0
Soil Cement Stabilization Table 1: Soil Cement Stabilization
Effect of Cement Content on MDDM
axim
um D
ry D
ensi
ty (M
g/m
3 )
• Cement Content: 0 – 9%• Sand: 0 – 60%•MDD: Increase relatively (0%-60 %) sand
Cement Content (%) Fig 3: Results of compaction test
Effect of Cement Content on OMCO
ptim
um M
oist
ure
Con
tent
(%)
• Cement Content: 0 – 9%• Sand: 0 – 60%•OMC: Increase for 3% cement content for 15 % of sand•OMC: Decrease for 6% cement with increasing different % of sand)
Cement Content (%) Fig 4: Results of compaction test
Effect of Cement Content on Unconfined Compressive Strength
• Cement Content: 0 – 9%• Sand: 0 – 60%•UCS: Increase relatively with increasing different % of cement and sand•UCS: Almost same (30-45) % of sand with increasing % of cement
Cement Content (%)Unc
onfin
ed C
ompr
essi
ve S
tren
gth
(KN
/M2 )
Fig 5: Unconfined Compressive Strength
Soil Stabilization: Cement as Additives Olabiran O. E., Asaolu O. E.,& Etuka R. C., 16-20, 1989
Figure 6. Variation of 28 day UCS with soil-sand-cement mixtures
• Cement Content: 0 – 9%• Sand: 0 – 60%•UCS: Increase relatively for 3% & 9% of cement with increasing % of sand•UCS: Decrease and same for 6% cement with increasing % of sand
Cement Content (%)
Unc
onfin
ed C
ompr
essi
ve S
tren
gth
(KN
/M2 )
Soil Stabilization: Fly ash Cokca, E. (2001)
• Red soil of tirupur district, India • Additives: Fly Ash (class C and class F)
Results of Atterburg limits graphically
Fig 7: Liquid limit distribution curve for Fly ash
Previous Study on Soil Fly ash stabilization ASTM C618 (2008)
• LL: varies with % of Fly ash
Fig 8: Plastic limit distribution curve for Fly ash
Results of Atterburg limits graphically
Previous Study on Soil Fly ash stabilization[ASTM C618 (2008)]
•PL: varies with % of Fly ash
Effect of Fly Ash on Gs, OMC and MDD ASTM C618 (2008)
Fig 9: Gs ,OMC & MDD for different percentages of fly ash
Previous Study on Soil Fly ash Stabilization
% Of Fly ash CBR(2.5mm)deflection CBR(5mm)deflection UCC (N/cm2)
0 2.08 3.1 3.881840
3 1.56 2.9 4.1ooooo
5 1.51 3.12 4.440923
6 3.75 4.82 8.881850
9 2.13 3.03 4.885015
Table 2 : Results of CBR values for (2.5mm & 5 mm) deflection & UCC
Previous Study on Soil Fly ash Stabilization ASTM C618 (2008)
Fig 10: Curve for CBR ( 2.5mm & 5mm) deflection & UCC for fly ash
Present Study
OUR WORKS
OUR WORKS
OUR WORKS
Present Study on Soil Stabilization Soil types: Two types of soil used in this study which are
Soil A[Dhaka Clay, Silty Clay] and Soil B[River Sand, Sandy Sand]
Location: Soil A is collected from Green Road Dhaka and Soil B is collected from Kanchpur RiverAdditives: • Portland Cement
•Hydrated Lime [Ca(OH)2]
Soil Test Series Additives % of Additives Tests
Soil-A: Dhaka Clay
I - - Atterberg Limits: LL & PL
II-A
Lime
4
Atterberg Limits: LL & PLStandard Proctor Test
II-B 8II-C 12II-D 16III-A
Cement
2III-B 4III-C 6III-D 8
Soil-B: River Sand
IV - - Standard Proctor TestV-A
Cement
2Atterberg Limits: LL Standard Proctor Test
V-B 4V-C 6V-D 8
Test ProgramTable 3: Details of Test Program
Liquid Limit Test
1 10 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
Liquid Limit Chart
No. of blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL= 35%
Fig 11: Flow Curve of Soil A Series I (No Additives)
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
1 10 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
Liquid Limit Chart
No. of blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 39%
Fig 12: Flow Curve of Soil A Series II-A
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
10 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60
Liquid Limit Chart
No. of blows, N
Wat
er c
onte
nt, W
%
LL= 40%
Fig 13: Flow Curve of Soil A Series II-B
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
1 10 1000
10
20
30
40
50
60Liquid Limit Chart
No. of blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL= 40%
Fig 14: Flow Curve of Soil A Series II-C
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
10 1000
5
10
15
20
25
30
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows , N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 21%
Fig 15: Flow Curve of Soil A Series III-A
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
1 10 1000
5
10
15
20
25
30Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows , N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 19%
Fig 16: Flow Curve of Soil A Series III-B
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
1 10 1000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 9%
Fig 17: Flow Curve of Soil A Series III-C
Liquid Limit of Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
10 1000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 12%
Fig 18: Flow Curve of Soil-B Series V-A
Liquid Limit of Soil B[River Sand]
1 10 1000
5
10
15
20
25
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 7%
Fig 19: Flow Curve of Soil-B Series V-B
Liquid Limit of Soil B[River Sand]
1 10 1000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 6%
Fig 20: Flow Curve of Soil-B Series V-C
Liquid Limit of Soil B[River Sand]
1 10 1000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Liquid Limit Chart
No of Blows, N
Wat
er C
onte
nt, W
%
LL = 9%
Fig 21: Flow Curve of Soil-B Series V-D
Liquid Limit of Soil B[River Sand]
Effect of different types of Additives on Liquid Limit
Table 4: Effect of different types of additives on the LLSoil A: Dhaka Clay Soil B: River sand
Additive % LL Additive % LL Additive % LL
Lime
- 35
Cement
- 35
Cement
2 12
4 39 2 22 4 7
8 40 4 18 6 6
12 40 6 9 8 7
Plastic Limit Test
Soil A
Type % PL
Lime
4 26.52
8 32.66
12 36.33
Table 5: Effect of Lime on Plastic Limit
Effect of Lime for different percentage on Plastic Limit
Standard Proctor Test
8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.001500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 22: Compaction Curve for Soil A Series-II-A
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.001540.00
1560.00
1580.00
1600.00
1620.00
1640.00
1660.00
1680.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 23: Compaction Curve for Soil A Series-II-B
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.001600.00
1610.00
1620.00
1630.00
1640.00
1650.00
1660.00
1670.00
1680.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 24: Compaction Curve for Soil A Series-II-C
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.001400.00
1450.00
1500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 25: Compaction Curve for Soil A [Series-II-D]
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.001450.00
1500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 26: Compaction Curve for Soil A Series-III-A
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.001400.00
1450.00
1500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 27: Compaction Curve for Soil A Series-III-B
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.001500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
1800.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 28: Compaction Curve for Soil A [Series-III-C]
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.001450.00
1500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
1800.00
1850.00
1900.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 29: Compaction Curve for Soil A [Series-III-D]
Compaction Curve for Soil A [Dhaka Clay]
Types ofAdditive Test ID Additives ( % )
Maximum DryDensity, (MDD)(kg/m3)
Optimum Moisture Content, OMC(%)
Lime
II-A 4 1711.00 15.50II-B 8 1675.0 16.00II-C 12 1670.0 18.50II-D 16 1661.0 21.0
Cement
III-A 2 1680.0 22.00III-B 4 1727.00 19.20III-C 6 1780.00 14.50III-D 8 1832.00 15.50
Table 6: Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content of Dhaka Clay with Different percentage of Additives
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.001430.001440.001450.001460.001470.001480.001490.001500.001510.001520.001530.001540.001550.001560.001570.001580.001590.001600.001610.001620.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 30: Compaction Curve for Soil B [Series-IV]
Compaction Curve for Soil B [River Sand]
4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.001560.00
1570.00
1580.00
1590.00
1600.00
1610.00
1620.00
1630.00
1640.00
Water content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 31: Compaction Curve for Soil B [Series V-A]
Compaction Curve for Soil B [River Sand]
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.001500.00
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
Water content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 32: Compaction Curve for Soil B [Series-VB]
Compaction Curve for Soil B [River Sand]
4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.001550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
Water content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 33: Compaction Curve for Soil B [Series V-C]
Compaction Curve for Soil B [River Sand]
4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.001550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
1800.00
Water Content (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
kg/
m3
Fig 34: Compaction Curve for Soil B [Series V-D]
Compaction Curve for Soil B [River Sand]
Types of
AdditiveTest ID Additives ( % )
Maximum Dry
Density, (MDD)
(kg/m3)
Optimum Moisture
Content, OMC
(%)
- IV - 1604.0 17.5
Cement
V-A 2 1634.0 15.0
V-B 4 1698.0 14
V-C 6 1740.0 14.5
V-D 8 1758.0 14.8
Table 7: Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Moisture Content of River Sand with Different percentage of Additives
Analysis of Experimental Results
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 181630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
f(x) = − 3.875 x + 1718R² = 0.831458729884063
Lime (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
, MD
D (k
g/m
3)
Fig 35: Effect of Lime on the Maximum Dry Density of Dhaka Clay
Effect of Additives on Maximum Dry Density
0 2 4 6 8 101600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
f(x) = 25.45 x + 1627.5R² = 0.999328846116758
Cement (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
, MD
D (k
g/m
3)
Fig 36: Effect of Cement on the Maximum Dry Density of Dhaka Clay
Effect of Additives on Maximum Dry Density
1 101550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
f(x) = 91.4288704141224 ln(x) + 1571.48486829467R² = 0.99605988040264
Cement (%)
Max
imum
Dry
Den
sity
, MD
D (k
g/m
3)
Fig 37: Effect of Cement on the Maximum Dry Density of River Sand
Effect of Additives on Maximum Dry Density
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 180
5
10
15
20
25
LimeCement
Additives (%)
Fig 38: Effect of Additives on the Optimum Moisture Content of Dhaka Clay
Effect of Additives on Optimum Moisture Content
It was found that Liquid limit also are same for lime content but plastic limit
varied with increasing % of lime content for Dhaka clay [Soil A] but the liquid
limit change with increasing % of cement both Dhaka clay [Soil A] and River
sand [Soil B].
It was found that Maximum Dry Density (MDD) decreased with the
increase in % of lime content for Dhaka Clay but MDD increased with
increasing % of cement content both Dhaka Clay and River Sand
Optimum Moisture Content decreased with increasing ( 0-6) % of cement
content but it increased for 8% of cement content
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION OMC increased linearly with increasing % of lime content
It was also found that liquid limit also same graphically between
previous study and our study for lime content but liquid limit(LL)
varied for cement content.
Maximum dry density (MDD) almost remained same between our
study and previous study
Optimum moisture content (OMC) vary previous study than our
study for both lime and cement content.