Equatorial Region By-Slide_Maker4u

(Abhishek Sharma)

Introduction• Equatorial regions

are located in a band around the Equator and cover about 6% of the Earth's surface. They are often in lowland areas and have a climate that is hot and wet all year round. Tropical rainforests grow in the equatorial regions.

Climate The Sun's rays are very direct in equatorial

regions so the climate is very hot throughout the year, with temperatures usually above 25oC. The air is also calm and there are no prevailing winds. A tropical rainforest gets over 168cm of rainfall every year and it rains very heavily most afternoons. The Sun's heat makes lots of water evaporate from rivers/lakes and causes plants to transpire (sweat) moisture. Warm, humid air then rises and cools to form huge storm clouds. This is called convectional rainfall. 

Animals• A diverse range of millions of different animal 

species live in the rainforests because there is plenty of: food, water and warmth for them.

• Arboreal animals that live among the branches need to be able to move from tree to tree whilst only small creatures live on the forest floor because they can move about the tangled shrubbery more easily than larger animals.

• Eagles sit on the branches of the tallest trees, looking for animals below who they can swoop down on to eat.

• Howler monkeys make lots of noise to tell each other where they are in the gloomy forest floor. They are the loudest land animal in the world and their growls can be heard clearly for 20 miles.

• Tapirs are active at night and they have a long snout to pull food into their mouth, such as fallen fruits and nuts.

• Leafcutter ants cut out tiny pieces from leaves and carry them back to their nest.

• Weevils like to feed on the decaying wood of fallen tree trunks.

• Parrots have strong, curved bills (beaks) to break open nuts and seeds from giant trees. They have multi-coloured feathers to help them stay camouflaged (hidden) among the colourful blossoms of the trees.

• Sloths have hook-like claws to help grip the branches. They move very slowly and sleep hanging upside down.

• Flying squirrels glide between trees using a flap of loose skin that connects its front and hind legs.

• Spider monkeys have a powerful tail which they use to help them swing quickly from branch to branch.

• Tree frogs are light in weight and have discs at the tips of their fingers and toes to help them grasp tree leaves.

• Jaguars have a dark, spotted body so that they can creep up on and ambush prey without being seen. To kill, they bite directly through the skull between the ears and into the brain.

• Chameleons can change the colour of their skin to help them camouflage (hide) from any predators. They also have long tongues that can flick out and stretch up to twice their body size to catch insects.

Hundreds of types of hardwood trees grow in tropical rainforests, like: mahogany, rosewood and ebony.

Rainforests are so dense that the trees have to fight for sunlight. They grow very tall and spread out their upper branches to catch more light

The trees are adapted for living in the hot and wet climate. They have:

flared buttress roots to help hold them up;

waxy leaves to stop fungi growing on them and reduce transpiration (loss of water) in the heat;

large, flat leaves to catch as much sunlight as possible;

drip tips on their leaves to help drain water quickly when it rains heavy;

branchless trunks to grow up quickly and fill any gaps in the canopy;

an evergreen appearance as the continuous growing season allows them to shed their leaves at any time.

Coffee, chocolate, banana, avocado and sugarcane all originally came from plants growing in tropical rainforests

Plants

People Various tribes of people live in the tropical rainforests, such as: the Pygmies in central

Africa, the Lumad peoples in the southern Philippines and the Amazonia Indians of South America. Whilst some are keen to trade high value forest products such as: animal hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest, others prefer to remain elusive - it is believed that there are 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil and 44 on the island of New Guinea, for example.

Different tribes of rainforest people live different lifestyles: Some are nomads, which means that they move from place to place. They chop down

trees to make small clearings and then spread the ashes to make the soil fertile for a while before moving on to a new patch, in a way of farming called slash and burn.

Some are hunter-gatherers, which means that they have a central camp and hunt animals and gather food from around them in the forest, such as: nuts, fruit and honey.

Many people who live in rainforests find that using boats on rivers is the easiest way to travel around.

The Kayapo people are a tribe of about

8,638 indigenous (native) peoples who live in the Amazon Rainforest. They like to call themselves Mebengokre, meaning 'the men from the water place'.The Kayapo tribe live alongside the Xingu River in several scattered villages ranging in population from one hundred to one thousand people. They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys. Their villages are typically made up of about dozen huts. A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues.

Their appearance is highly decorative and colourful, using: face and body paint, beads and feathers. The Kayapo believe their ancestors learnt how to live communally from social insects such as bees, which is why mothers and children paint each other's bodies with patterns that look like animal or insect markings, including those of bees. Men wear the flamboyant Kayapo headdress with its outwardly radiating feathers (representing the universe) at ceremonies to mark the changing of seasons as well as rites of passage.

The Kayapo Tribe

Environmental Issues Huge areas of rainforest are cleared

each year: drug companies want to use plants to

help them create medicines; developers want to build new roads

and settlements; mining companies want to extract

precious minerals (such as zinc, iron and diamons) and fossil fuels (such as oil and natural gas) from the ground;

logging companies want timber to make paper and to build furniture with;

energy companies want to construct dams and lakes for hydro-electricity power stations;

farmers want more open land to ranch cattle and grow crops such as: coffee, cocoa and rubber on.

India

"The Kalka-Shimla Railway From the Himalayas in the north to the Nilgiris in the south -

for a hundred years these little trains have climbed through the clouds and into the wonderful world of Indian hill railways.

Shimla was once the summer capital of the Raj. They built churches, schools, a town hall and the railway and left behind their symbols of empire and an ethos of duty, loyalty and ambition - but they also left a divided subcontinent.

Characters featured include Maqsood, a refugee and a porter from Kashmir, and John Whitmarsh-Knight, a teacher looking for a home. Sanjay the station master is hoping for promotion and his boss Bataljit is waiting for a transfer, but everybody is waiting for the snow."

Savanna Regions

Baobab trees have large trunks that can swell up to store water in.

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