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Armonización de políticas para vehículos ligeros nuevos en América del Norte: Estándares de eficiencia energética, gases de efecto invernadero y contaminantes criterio 7/9/2014-7/10/2014 Mexico City
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1!
2
Carbon monoxide!(CO)
¿Cuáles son los contaminantes de interés?
Ozono (VOC + NOx)
Neblina
Partículas (PM10/PM2.5) NOx, SOx, VOC, ammonia
Toxicos
Gases de Efecto Invernadero
- CO2, CH4, Carbono Negro, N2O, HFC
Ø Michael Walsh! Slide 2
3!
Diesel exhaust harmful to health and climate!
§ Globally, diesel vehicles produce 90 percent of PM and 95 percent of BC emissions (ICCT Health Roadmap)!
§ One kg of black carbon causes as much climate impact in the near term as 3,200 kg of carbon dioxide (Forster, et al.)!
§ BC is the second largest contributor to climate warming from human activities (Bond, et al.)!
Vehicle Non-CO2 GHG emissions (2000-2030)!
Calculated using GWP-20. Non-CO2 GHGs include BC, CH4, N2O, OC, SO2!
theicct.org/global-health-roadmap!
4!
110,000
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Early
dea
ths
Best Practice China & India
Non-EU Europe, Russia, &
Latin America Other Countries
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
-7%
-79%
-74%
-80%
Baseline Accelerated (%) Data labels indicate percent reduction from Baseline in 2030
National vehicle emission control programs!
Source: ICCT Health Roadmap (2013)!
Annual premature mortality by region, 2000–2030!
New standards could avoid 210,000 early deaths in 2030 and 25 million of years of life through 2030.
Global health impacts from urban vehicle particle emissions to increase 150% by 2030 unless new vehicle and fuel standards are adopted.
5 Source: World Health Organization, 2011; GBD 2010 estimates where marked *
Exposure to Diesel Emissions Changes How We See Air Pollution in Large Cities!
24!
325,365!
0!
50,000!
100,000!
150,000!
200,000!
250,000!
300,000!
350,000!
0!
10!
20!
30!
40!
50!
60!
70!
80!
90!
100!
Mexico
City, M
X!
Cairo,
EG*!
Sao Pau
lo, BR!
Delhi, I
N*!
Karach
i, PK*!
Mumba
i, IN*!
Lima,
PE!
Manila,
RP!
Shang
hai, C
H*!
Beijing
, CH*!
New Yo
rk, US!
Paris,
FR!
Riyadh
, SA*!
Santia
go, C
I!
Singap
ore, S
N!
Lond
on, U
K!
P'yong
yang
, KN*!
Rome,
IT!
Dar es
Salaam
, TZ!
Berlin,
GM!
Antana
nariv
o, MA!
Dakar,
SG!
Beirut,
LE!
Brusse
ls, BE!
Dubai,
AE*!
Toron
to, CA!
Accra,
GH!
Prague
, CZ!
Die
sel P
M2.
5 int
ake
(gra
ms
inha
led)
, 201
5!
Ann
ual P
M2.
5 Con
cent
ratio
n (μg/m
3 )!
10!
10! 10 μg/m3 WHO PM2.5 Annual Air Quality Guideline!10!
Los estándares de emisiones en los vehículos nuevos ofrecen un gran potencial de reducción!
0.00!
0.05!
0.10!
0.15!
0.20!
0.25!
0.30!
0.35!
0.40!
0.45!
Conventional! Euro 1! Euro 2! Euro 3! Euro 4! Euro 5! Euro 6!
Aver
age
lifet
ime
emis
sion
fact
or
(gra
ms
PM2.
5/VK
T)! Fuel Sulfur Level!
HHDT diesel!LDV diesel!
§ Los programas europeos y estadounidenses son ejemplares en forzar la mejora tecnológica!
§ El estándar Euro sigue una tendencia como se muestra más abajo !
Diesel: 2,000 ppm! 500 ppm! 350 ppm! 50 ppm! 10 ppm!
-25%!
-40%!
-20%!
-75%!
-90%!
-99%!
-65%!
-20%!-30%!
-95%!
-99%!
Factores de emisión basados en COPERT 4, versión 10.0!
Vida
pro
med
io d
e lo
s fa
ctor
es d
e em
isió
n !
Full Effects Take Time To Realize!
0
100
200
300
400
500
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
TTW
PM
2.5 E
mis
sion
s,
thou
sand
met
ric t
ons
On-road Emissions and Emission Standards in the EU
LDV
HDVs
2-wheelers
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025! 2030!
2-wheelers!
HDV!
LDV!
Gasoline ppm!
Diesel ppm!
Euro 6!Euro 5!Euro 4!Euro 3!
Euro VI!Euro V!Euro IV!Euro III!
10 ppm!50 ppm!350 ppm!
150 ppm! 10 ppm!50 ppm!
Timeline for implementation of nationwide emissions standards for light-duty vehicles!
Source: TransportPolicy.Net!
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PM standards for diesel passenger vehicles!
0"
0.01"
0.02"
0.03"
0.04"
0.05"
0.06"
0.07"
0.08"
0"
0.005"
0.01"
0.015"
0.02"
0.025"
0.03"
0.035"
0.04"
0.045"
0.05"
0.055"
Baseline"2008"gasoline" Diesel"w/o"DPF" 2015"gasoline"(GDI)" Diesel"w/"DPF"
Par?culate"M
aDer"(g/m
i)"
Par?culate"M
aDer"(g/km)"
NOM"042"
California"LEV"III"
"Tier"1"/"Current"Mexico"standard""Tier"2""Tier"3""LEV"III"(fully"phased"in"by"2028)"
Tier"1"
Tier"2"
Tier"3"
Impact of fuel sulfur!
§ Diesel fuel quality!§ 15 ppm required for Tier 2 and beyond diesel
vehicles.!§ Higher sulfur will increase emissions rapidly and
could damage vehicle.!§ Gasoline fuel quality!
§ 30 average / 80 maximum for Tier 2!§ 10 average / 80 maximum for Tier 3!§ Sulfur locks up the precious metal sites on the
catalyst, reducing catalyst efficiency. Important benefits from better catalysts even with higher sulfur fuels.!
§ Impacts of higher sulfur fuels are completely reversible. Possible to phase in cleaner fuels and vehicles at the same time.!
10!
Fundamentals of controlling air pollutant emissions from motor vehicles!
New vehicle standards!!Must consider emissions from all mobile sources: on-road, off-road, marine, locomotives, aviation, construction…!!Limit values only as good as:!- Compliance and enforcement!- Real-world performance!
!
Fuel quality standards!!High fuel quality (especially low sulfur levels) enables advanced emission control technologies to be deployed in the fleet.!!Fuel quality compliance programs critical to prevent damage to engines and prevent misfueling!!!
In-use vehicle emission control!
Measures include:!- Catching gross-emitters (I/M, remote sensing, maintenance) - Cleaner fuels!- Fleet renewal!- Retrofit programs!- Complementary strategies (low emission zones, driver training, etc.)!
Not shown but also important: transportation demand management, modal shift, traffic optimization, and more!
“Systems Approach”!
12!
Real-world emissions!
Source: Chen & Borken-Kleefeld, AtmEnv. 88 (2014) !
Options to reduce transport emissions!
Objective! Program! Form! PM! BC! CO2!
New vehicles! Stringent standards! Mandatory; federal! ✔! ✔!
Existing vehicles! Lower sulfur fuels! Government implemented; generally federal!
✔!
Retrofits for PM and NOx control!
Generally voluntary; local; fiscal incentives!
✔!!
✔!
Transporte Limpio/ SmartWay!
Generally voluntary; federal and local collaboration; fiscal incentives!
✔! ✔! ✔!
Accelerated fleet renovation/Scrappage!
Voluntary or mandatory; local or federal; fiscal incentives!
✔! ✔!
I/M, remote sensing, spotter programs!
Mandatory; generally local! ✔! ✔! ✔!
Complementary measures!
Low Emission Zones! Mandatory; local! ✔! ✔!
Anti-idling restrictions! Mandatory; local! ✔! ✔! ✔!
Driver training program! Voluntary; local! ✔!
Demand and mode shifting!
Congestion relief measures! Range from mandatory to voluntary to government-implemented; local!
✔! ✔! ✔!
Improve non-motorized & public transit options!
Government-implemented; local! ✔! ✔! ✔!
Parking programs! Mandatory or fee-based; local! ✔!
NOM-042 vigente (opciones de EPA y Euro)!
15!
NOM 042 vigente, línea de tiempo!
16!
US and Mexico standards for NOx and PM!
0"
0.5"
1"
1.5"
2"
2.5"
1972" 1977" 1982" 1987" 1992" 1997" 2002" 2007" 2012" 2017" 2022"
NOx$an
d$PM
x10$(g/km)$
Mexico"PM"(x10)"
US"PM"(x10)"
Mexico"NOx"(US)"
US"NOx"
