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Planning for the recovery of the natural environment
following the Canterbury earthquakes
Chrissie Williams Programme Leader
Natural Environment Recovery Programme
Seismics and the City 27 March 2015
First presented to the 7th Australasian Natural Hazards Management Conference,
September 2014
Assessment of impacts
Aug
ust
20
11 r
epo
rts
Primary / Direct
Effects
Secondary /
Indirect Effects
Tertiary / Long-
term Effects
Assessment of
impacts
Earthquake
Spillage in warehouses - mixed products, risk of discharge to stormwater
Trees uprooted
Assessment of
impacts
Liquefaction
Siltation in rivers
Liquefaction ‘ volcanoes’ in estuary
Assessment of
impacts
Lateral
Spread
Assessment of
impacts
Flooding
Assessment of
impacts
Land tilt
~16%reduction in tidal
prism in the estuary
Assessment of
impacts
Land tilt
• change to
water
levels
Tidal inundation of saltmarsh Salt-water inundation of freshwater
wetlands
Trees killed by salt water and high water table –1000+ trees removed
Assessment of
impacts
• Cliff
collapse
• Rockfall
Avian Botulism outbreaks >10,000
water birds died in last 3 years
Assessment of
impacts
Secondary
effects
• Bird
populations
Redistribution of birds after
each major quake
Cliff failure on Banks Peninsula -
damage to seabird colonies
Spotted Shag
1996 = 22,000 pairs
2012 = 7700 pairs
Canada geese invading new habitat -
causing nuisance
Assessment of
impacts
Secondary
effects
• Broken
infrastructure
• Sewage
discharge to
rivers Spikes
in E.coli
levels
Impact
assessment
Secondary
effects
• Air quality
Changes to
heating
appliances
following
earthquakes
Dust from silt from
liquefaction
Demolition and
construction dust
Assessment of
impacts
Secondary
effects
• Solid waste
disposal
Burwood Resource Recovery Park Lyttelton Port reclamation
Demolition waste = 40 years of landfill
Assessment of
impacts
Secondary
effects
• Hazardous
household
waste
• Asbestos
Hazardous household waste collection and disposal
Asbestos
management and
disposal
Assessment of
impacts
Secondary
effects
• Loss of
recreation
facilities
Assessment of
impacts
Response
• Emergency
stopbanks
Natural Environment Recovery Programme
Whakaara Taiao
Why? - is the Natural Environment important in recovery
How? - programme development
What? - is in the NERP?
What now? - implementation
How are we doing?
Why is the natural environment important
in recovery?
Well-being
Disaster risk reduction / management
Legislation • Civil Defence Emergency Management Act 2002
• National CDEM Strategy
• Canterbury CDEM Group Plan
• Resource Management Act 1991
• Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act 2011 • Recovery Strategy
Community expectation
Panarchy
Well-being
Socio Ecological systems
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Ecosystem services
Toitū te marae o Tāne
Toitū te marae o Tangaroa
Toitū te iwi
When the domain of Tāne and Tangoroa
are nurtured and sustained, so too will the
people prosper and flourish.
Disaster risk reduction / management
The Hyogo Framework for Action seeks to
“encourage the sustainable use and
management of ecosystems, including
through better land-use planning and
development activities to reduce risk and
vulnerabilities.”
It promotes the implementation of
“integrated environmental and natural
resource management approaches that
incorporate disaster risk reduction …”
Community expectation
Recovery Strategy
Natural Environment Recovery Goals
Restore the natural environment to support biodiversity and economic
prosperity and to reconnect people to the rivers, wetland and Port Hills – by:
• Ensuring recovery activities value, protect and sustainably manage the sources of
our water
• Ensuring ecosystems are healthy and functioning to support biodiversity and
economic growth
• Improving the quality and function of estuaries, waterways and wetlands to
support the unique biodiversity that is endemic to Te Waipounamu
• Providing safe public access to and opportunities for outdoor recreation,
cultural, social and economic activities
• Enhancing air quality through managing recovery activities that impact on air
quality, such as heating, transport, demolition and construction
• Storing, sorting and processing waste in an environmentally safe and effective
manner, including minimising and recycling construction and demolition wastes
Area covered by NERP
Greater Christchurch (as defined in CER Act 2011)
Focus on areas most affected
by the earthquakes • coastal urban area
• lowland streams and rivers
• Port Hills
• Lyttelton Harbour/ Whakaraupō
Vulnerability • Development near
coast, waterways
and on Port Hills
• Centralised
infrastructure
• Limited readiness
• Low local social
capital
Hazard • Earthquake
• Liquefaction
• Lateral Spread
• Land tilt
• Rockfall
• Cliff collapse
• Landslide
• Flooding
Disaster Risk=
Hazard x
Vulnerability
Reduce vulnerability
Increase resilience Reduce exposure to the hazard
Disaster Risk Reduction / Management
Primary / Direct Effects Secondary / Indirect Effects Tertiary / Long-term Effects
Response Recovery
Response and Recovery
Assessment of impacts
Pressures • Population
growth
• Urbanisation
• Environmental
degradation
Enhancement / Build Back Better
Reduce vulnerability/ Increase resilience
Disaster Risk=
Hazard x
Vulnerability
Primary / Direct
Effects
Secondary /
Indirect Effects
Tertiary / Long-
term Effects
Response Recovery
Enhancement
Build Back Better
Reduce vulnerability
Increase resilience
Reduce exposure
Response and Recovery
Assessment of impacts
Sta
tuto
ry F
ram
ew
ork
Str
ate
gic
part
ner
colla
bora
tion
Com
munity involv
em
ent
Litera
ture
searc
h
How was the
programme
developed?
August
2012 –
Marc
h 2
013
Literature
search
Recovery Programmes – Guidance
for Programme Leaders
International
National
Local
Canterbury Earthquake
Recovery Act
Natural
Environment
Recovery
Programme
Community organisations Avon Ōtākaro Network
Eastern Vision,
Sport Canterbury
Soil and Health Association
Recovery
Strategy
Land Use
Recovery Plan
Lyttelton Port
Recovery Plan
Recovery
Plans and
Programmes
LGA
Greater
Christchurch
Urban
Development
Strategy
LTPs
Annual Plans
Strategies
Regional
Implementation
programme
Zone
Implementation
Programmes
Bylaws
Canterbury
Water
Management
Strategy
Regional
Policy
Statement
Regional
Coastal
Environment
Plan
NZ Coastal
Policy
Statement
Natural
Resources
Regional Plan
Proposed Land
and Water
Regional Plan
District Plans
RMA
Iwi
Management
Plan
CDEM
Act
Statutory Framework
Strategic partner collaboration
Community involvement
Technical Advisory Group • Partner organisations
Community - stakeholders • Community organisations/NGOs, Councils, Universities, Crown
Research Institutes, Consultants
• Stakeholder workshops October, 2012 December 2012 - facilitated
by ESR. Reports at www.ecan.govt.nz/nerp
What is in the
programme?
NERP projects
17 projects:
• Actions • Do nothing
• Prevent further damage
• Rehabilitate
• Take opportunities
• Increase resilience and sustainability
• Lead agencies and partners
• Timelines and priority
• Indicative costs
• Programme leader position
• 3-year contract
• jointly funded by ECan, CCC, WDC, SDC
• Quarterly reports on NERP progress
• Promote collaboration on projects
• Facilitate Technical Advisory Group
• Plan transition for after 2016
What now? - implementation
Interim management of residential red zone
Interim management of cleared areas
Community aspirations for
residential red zone land
Community
led
feedback
evospace.co.nz
Future Use of residential red zone
CERA and
Waimakariri District
Council consultation
Aug/Sept 2014
How are we doing?
Collaboration
Stakeholder involvement
Impact assessment
Planning to implement
Recreation facilities
Food resilience network
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Before theearthquakes
After February2011 earthquake
Dec-13 Sep-14
Kilo
metr
es
Length of Port Hills track open (km)
Port Hills tracks open
Food resilience network
How are we doing?
? Speedy recovery legislation changed less community
consultation
? Avoiding development in hazardous areas - priority for
land for new housing
? Infrastructure - replacing ‘like-with-like’ - opportunity lost
for more sustainable and resilient systems
? Flood capacity vs ecological improvement
? Waste - reuse, recycling, separating waste at source
? Climate change and sea level rise
? Sustainable buildings
? Low impact design
So what? We should all…
Plan for recovery of the natural environment
before a disaster that
• is integrated with other recovery planning
• involves agencies and community
organisations
• anticipates the consequences of hazards on
ecosystems, and identifies options for
responding
• takes an integrated approach to disaster risk
reduction and ecosystems management
1. Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority 2012. Recovery Strategy for Greater Christchurch
Mahere Haumanutanga o Waitaha. http://cdn.cera.govt.nz/sites/cera.govt.nz/files/common/recovery-
strategy-for-greater-christchurch.pdf
2. CCC and Environment Canterbury 2011a. Ecological effects of the Christchurch February
earthquake on our city rivers. http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Reports/eq-effects-summary-river-
lowres.pdf
3. CCC and Environment Canterbury 2011b. Ecological effects of the Christchurch February
earthquake on our city estuary. http://ecan.govt.nz/publications/Reports/eq-effects-summary-estuary-
lowres.pdf
4. del Moral, R and Lawrence R. W. 2007. Environmental Disasters, Natural Recovery and Human
Responses. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
5. Folke, C., S.R. Carpenter, B.H. Walker, M. Scheffer, F.S. Chapin III, and J. Rockström. 2010. Resilience
Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society 15(4): 20
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art20/
6. Godschalk, D.R. 2003. Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities. Natural Hazards Review.
4(3), 136-143.
7. Gunderson, L. 2010. Ecological and human community resilience in response to natural
disasters. Ecology and Society 15(2): 18. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art18/
References
8. IRP and UNDP 2010. Guidance note on recovery: Environment
http://www.unisdr.org/files/16772_16772guidancenoteonrecoveryenvironm.pdf
9. IUCN 2006. Ecosystems, Livelihoods and Disasters: An integrated approach to disaster risk
management https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/CEM-004.pdf
10. Mainka, S. A., and J. McNeely. 2011. Ecosystem considerations for post disaster recovery: lessons from
China, Pakistan, and elsewhere for recovery planning in Haiti. Ecology and Society 16(1): 13.
http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art13/
11. NZ Government 2011. Rena Long-term Environmental Recovery Plan.
http://mfe.govt.nz/publications/hazardous/rena-recovery/rena-long-term-environmental-plan.pdf
12. Renaud, F.G., Sudmeier-Rieux , K .and Estrella, M. (Editors) 2013. The Role of Ecosystems in
Disaster Risk Reduction. United Nations University Press. http://unu.edu/publications/books/the-role-
of-ecosystems-in-disaster-risk-reduction.html#overview
13. UNEP 2008a. Environment and Disaster Risk: Emerging Perspectives.
http://www.unisdr.org/files/624_EnvironmentanddisasterriskNov08.pdf
14. UNEP2008b. Environmental Needs Assessment in Post-Disaster Situations: A Practical Guide
for Implementation http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/UNEP_PDNA_draft.pdf
15. UNISDR Publications. http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications
16. UNISDR 2005. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and
Communities to Disasters. http://www.unisdr.org/files/1037_hyogoframeworkforactionenglish.pdf
References
www.ecan.govt.nz/nerp
http://cera.govt.nz/recovery-strategy/natural-environment
Contact
Links
Chrissie Williams
Programme Leader
Natural Environment Recovery Programme
Environment Canterbury, Christchurch
Ph. 027 702 7457
Natural Environment Recovery
Programme
