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Autarkic – localised energy systems
Definitions:
“We define a region to be energy autarkic when it relies on its own energy resources for generating the useful energy required to sustain the society within that region” Muller et al., Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5800-5810
“… a situation in which a region does not import substantial amounts of energy resources” Schmidt et al., Energy Policy 47 (2012) 211-221
“… a framework for local action towards the development of a region’s viability, based on the transformation of the energy subsystem” Muller et al., Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5800-5810
Autarkic – localised energy systems
Definitions:
“We define a region to be energy autarkic when it relies on its own energy resources for generating the useful energy required to sustain the society within that region” Muller et al., Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5800-5810
“… a situation in which a region does not import substantial amounts of energy resources” Schmidt et al., Energy Policy 47 (2012) 211-221
“… a framework for local action towards the development of a region’s viability, based on the transformation of the energy subsystem” Muller et al., Energy Policy 39 (2011) 5800-5810
Motivations
• Loss of faith in conventional approaches to dealing with geo-political shocks
• Desire for more local/regional solutions• Creation of entrants into the energy space (local utility companies
formed, Consumer Co-ops, HA’s, LA’s)• The main dynamism therefore is cultural
• Centralised approach is a function of its age (1950-80)• Efficiency gains at large scale are exhausted• Developments in generation and communications technology
creating economic opportunities at a different scale
Lovins A, Rocky Mountain institute, 2007; Awerbuch S., Tyndall Centre, 2004, Verbong & Geels, Tech Fore & Soc Chng, 77 (2010) 1214-1221
Transition vs. Behaviour
Technology optimism has to be fused with social factors
Current social policy champions individualism
It suggests that societal factors are associated with personal attitudes, behaviours and choices (Shove, Environment and Planning, 2010, 42, 1273-1285)
Treating change as a series of purchasing and consumption behaviours over simplifies the scale of the challenge
Transition is required and move towards Autarkic entities provides that stimulus to change
energy subsystem
economic subsystem
social subsystem
ecological subsystem
region
energy subsystem
economic subsystem
social subsystem
ecological subsystem
region
Flow of information
Flow of material/goods
Flow of energy
Flow of people
Region or entity as open systems
2014 fuel to load map
elec
tric
ityfossil fuel resources
Fuel
electricity
Heat
regional resources
2030 fuel to load map
elec
tric
ityfossil fuel resources
Fuel
electricity
Heat
regional resources
Regional production
of goods and
services
Bartering with other regions & entities
Inward investment
Appeal of region
Sustainable economic
model
Job security
Local Benefits
Change ??
Societal change: Transition rather than behaviour
Values: Philosophical approaches that provide space for sufficiency, conservation and localism become more relevant
New electricity model: Demand response, active distribution networks, dynamic tariffs
Different economic model: Community participation, revolving funds, localism, new market entrants, consumer co-ops
Enabling technologies: CHP, ASHP, Wind, District heating schemes, Biomass, EV’s and other local storage solutions
Energy permaculturee.g. Waste/Forestry Residue Biogas Electricity
Issues & Challenges
• What are the boundaries – e.g. is embodied energy to be measured
• Will costs rise as a consequence of reduced trade • Local winners and losers may create local disruption• Security of energy supply (resilience)• Universality of application – some regions or entities well
suited, others less so• Access to capital/investment – how does the ball start
rolling everywhere
Case Study: Güssing, Austria
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Energy efficiency drive – reduce building energy demand by 50%
Wood burning plant Space heating for 27 homes
Opening of the European Centre for Renewable Energy
Heat plant expanded to whole townLocal electricity generation plant installed
Biomass gasification plant installed
50 companies 1000 jobs
22MWh Power pa
CO2 emissions
reduced by 93%
Population of 4000
€4.5M revenue
€0.5M profit for a revolving
fund
Case Study: Güssing, Austria
“The fundamental business model of Güssing Renewable Energy is the provision of communities with energy, thereby aiming at the creation of energy self-sufficiency and safety as well of jobs through new business establishments.”
Case Studies – Findhorn, Scotland
Findhorn CommunityPV electricity 25kWDistrict heating 250kWWind park 750kWHeat pumps 25kWSolar hot water 100m2
Biomass boilers 350kWCurrent energy use 39kWh/m2 pa
33 companies
largest employer
in the area
Own and maintain
local distribution
network
circa70% of energy
demand met by RE
Involved in the ORIGIN
demand response project
Starting to deploy electric vehicle
fleet
Case Studies – Jühnde, Germany
JühndeHouses 145Biogas CHP 700kWe;
750kWthBiogas from liquid manure and silageElectricity sold directly to the gridWood chip boiler 550kWCo-operative ownership; 70% of inhabitantsActive community participation and a well functioning social network requiredSupport of the mayor important
Each region in Scotland will practice energy autarky with goal for a minimum (say) 70% self-sufficiency by 2030
Dealing with heating and electricity vectors – to include electrical transport
Autarkic – localised energy systems
Stated 2030 Vision