Rodents(Small rodents)

Made by Sh.Kherlen

Supervisor: P.Tserendavaa Ph.D

Subject code:EM210

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Contents1. Introduction2. Scientific classification3. Characteristics4. Ethology5. Interaction with

humans6. Research methods7. Small rodents in

Mongolia

8. Anomaluromorpha9. Castorimorpha10.Myomorpha11.Sciuromorpha12.Hystricomorpha13.Reference

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1. IntroductionRodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. There are species that are arboreal, fossorill (burrowing), and semi-aquatic. Most rodents are small animals with robust bodies, short limbs and long tails, but there are exceptions to this. They use their sharp incisors to gnaw food, excavate burrows and defend themselves. Most eat seeds or other plant material, but some have more varied diets. They tend to be social animals and many species live in societies with complex ways of communicating with each other. Mating among rodents can vary from monogamy, to polygyny, to promiscuity. Many have litters of underdeveloped, altricial young, while others have precocial young that are relatively well developed at birth.

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2. Scientific classificationKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Superorder: Euarchontoglires

Order: Rodentia

AnomaluromorphaSouth African springhare (Pedetes capensis)

Sciuromorpha Forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula)

CastorimorphaEurasian beaver (Castor fiber)

MyomorphaMongolian hamster(Allocricetulus curtatus)

HystricomorphaLaotian rock rat (Laonastes aenigmamus)

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3. Characteristics

Teeth Smell Hearing

Vision Whiskers Cheek pouch

Digestive system Baculum Sexual

dimorphism

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4.EthologyFeeding

• Most rodents are herbivorous, feeding exclusively on plant material such as seeds, stems, leaves, flowers and roots. Some are omnivorous and a few are predators.

Social behaviour• Typically includes making alarm calls, defending territories, sharing food, protecting nesting areas and preventing

infanticide. The black-tailed prairie dog forms large towns that may cover many hectares. The burrows do not interconnect but are excavated and occupied by territorial family groups known as coteries. A coterie often consists of an adult male, three or four adult females, several non-breeding yearlings and this year's offspring. Individuals within coteries are friendly with each other, but hostile towards outsiders.

Communication• Olfactory• Auditory• Visual• Tactile

Mating strategies• Monogamy• Polygyny• Promiscuity

Birth and parenting• Altricial• Precocial• Infanticide

Cognition

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5. Interaction with humans

Conservation Uses

Pests & Disease vectors

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6. Capturing methods6.1. Canal

Fatal

It can capture all representative species

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6. Capturing methods6.2. Capture-Mark-Recapture

Sherman trap

Longworth trap

Tomahawk trap

Toe clipping Ear tag Ear punching

Ring Radio collar PIT tag

Painting Tattooing

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7. Small rodents in Mongolia

Suborder Family Subfamily Species

Sciuromorpha Sciuridae

Sciurinae Sciurus vulgaris

 Pteromys volans

Xerinae

Spermophilus alashanicus

Spermophilus dauricus

Spermophilus erythrogenys

Spermophilus undulatus

Tamias sibiricus

Gliridae Leithiinae Dryomys nitedula

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Suborder Family Subfamily Species

Myomorpha Dipodidae

Allactaginae

Allactaga balikunica

Allactaga bullata

Allactaga sibirica

Pygeretmus pumilio

CardiocraniinaeCardiocranius paradoxus

Salpingotus crassicauda

Salpingotus kozlovi

Dipodinae Dipus sagitta

Stylodipus andrewsi

Stylodipus sungorus

Euchoreutinae Euchoreutes naso

Sicistinae Sicista betulina

7. Small rodents in Mongolia

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7. Small rodents in MongoliaSuborder Family Subfamily Species

Myomorpha

Spalacidae Myospalacinae Myospalax psilurus

Cricetidae

Cricetinae

Allocricetulus curtatus

Cricetulus longicaudatus

Cricetulus migratorius

Cricetulus sokolovi 

Phodopus campbelli

Phodopus roborovskii

Arvicolinae

Ellobius tancrei  Microtus mongolicus

Eolagurus luteus Microtus obscurus

Eolagurus przewalskii Microtus oeconomus

Lagurus lagurus Myopus schisticolor

Lasiopodomys brandtii Microtus maximowiczii 

Microtus agrestis Microtus limnophilus

Microtus gregalis

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7. Small rodents in Mongolia

Suborder Family Subfamily Species

Myomorpha Muridae

 Gerbillinae 

Meriones meridianus

Meriones unguiculatus

MurinaeApodemus peninsulae

Apodemus uralensis

Micromys minutus

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8. Anumaluromorpha

Anomaluromorpha is the name given to a clade that unites the anomalures with the springhare. It has alternately been designated as either a suborder or infraorder. Most recently, Carleton & Musser 2005 recognized it as one of five suborders of rodents.

Sciuromorpha+Hystricomorpha

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8. Anumaluromorpha8.1. Taxonomy

Family Genera Species

Pedetidae Pedetes Pedetes capensis

Pedetes surdaster

Anomaluridae

Anomalurus

Anomalurus beecrofti

Anomalurus derbianus

Anomalurus pelii

Anomalurus pusillus

Idiurus Idiurus macrotis

Idiurus zenkeri

Zenkerella Zenkerella insignis

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8. Anomaluromorpha8.2. Zenkerella insignis

IUCN: Least concernRange description: Cameroon; Central African Republic; CongoHabitat and ecology: Tropical moist forest and semi-deciudous forest, with a few individuals collected close to arboreal savannas, apparently tolerating climates ranging from relatively dry to very humid. This species is primarily nocturnal, and it is considered likely to be solitary, with little information available on its habitats or ecology. The species is uniqe among anomalurids in having no gliding membrane, which suggests that it may descend to the ground more readily than other anomalurid species.Threat: Deforestation

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9. Castorimorpha9.1. Taxonomy

Family Subfamily Genus Number of species

Heteromyidae

Heteromyinae Heteromys 9

Liomys 5

Dipodomyinae Dipodomys 19

Microdipodops 2

Pergonathinae Pergonathus 9

Chaetodipus 17

Geomyidae

Cratogeomys 4

Geomys 15

Orthogeomys 11

Pappogeomys 2

Thomomys 204

Zygogeomys 1

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9.Castorimorpha9.2. Perognathus flavus

IUCN: Least concernRange description: Mexico; United StatesHabitat and Ecology: Occurs in semi-arid or arid grasslands and shrublands.Behaviour: Nocturnal and lives in a burrow by day. It mostly collects grass and weed seeds but also eats some green leafy material. It takes the husks off the seeds before storing them in its cheek pouches and carrying them back to its burrow where they are cached. When a pile of 25 g (0.88 oz) was deposited near a burrow (sufficient for maintenance for up to 10 days), the pocket mouse collected and stored it all in one night, and still emerged to forage on succeeding nights. In cold weather it occasionally forages by day, and in really bad weather it may not come out of the burrow for several days.Home range: 60m

I 11C

00 Pm

11 M

33 ×2=20

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10. Myomorpha

Suborder Myomorpha contains 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, nearly a quarter of all mammal species. It includes mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles. They are grouped according to the structure of their jaws and molar teeth. Both their medial and lateral masseter muscles are displaced forward, making them adept at gnawing. The medial masseter muscle goes through the eye socket, a feature unique among mammals. Myomorphs are found worldwide (apart from Antarctica) in almost all land habitats. They are usually nocturnal seed-eaters

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10. Myomorpha10.1. Taxonomy

Superfamily Family Number of species

Muroidae

Platacanthomyidae 2

Calomyscidae 9

Nesomyidae 68

Cricetidae 580

Muridae 700

Spalacidae 37

Dipodoidae Dipodidae 50

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10. Myomorpha10.2. Neotoma albigula

IUCN: Least concernRange description: Mexico; United StatesHabitat and Ecology: Inhabits arid areas, with preferred areas including rocky mountainsides, arid scrublands and cactus flats, pinyon-juniper woodlands on slopes, and desert habitats.

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11. Sciuromorpha Traditionally, the term has been defined on the basis of the shape of the infraorbital canal. A sciuromorphous zygomasseteri system is characterized by attachment of the lateral masseter muscle along the side of the rostrum. Unlike hystricomorphous  andmyomorphous rodents, the medial masseter muscle does not pass through the infraorbital canal. Among extant rodents, only the families Sciuridae, Castoridae, Heteromyidae, and Geomyidae are truly sciuromorphous. Some authorities would exclude the Geomyidae and Heteromyidae from that list due to the attachment of the medial masseter directly behind the zygomatic arch.

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11. Sciuromorpha11.1. Taxonomy

Family Subfamily Number of species

Gliridae

Graphiurinae 14

Leithiinae 12

Glirinae 1

Sciuridae

Sciurillinae 3

Sciuridae 84

Callosciurinae 60

Xerinae 36

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11. Sciuromorpha11.2. Dryomys nitedula

IUCN: Least concernRange description: Afghanistan; Albania; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; China; Croatia; Czech Republic; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Iraq; Israel; Italy; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Mongolia; Montenegro; Pakistan; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Switzerland; Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Turkey; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; UzbekistanHabitat and Ecology: It occurs in a broad variety of habitats including broad-leaved, mixed, coniferous and dwarf montane woodland. Also found in rocky areas, evergreen shrubland (including Mediterranean-type shrubland), and wood-steppe (Kryštufek 1999, Smith and Xie in press). The species is not found in human dominated habitats such as agricultural areas.

I 11C

00 Pm

11 M

33 ×2=20

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12. Hystricomorpha

In the broadest sense, it refers to any rodent (except dipodoids) with a hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system. This includes the Hystricognathi, Ctenodactylidae, Anomaluridae, and Pedetidae. Molecular and morphological results suggest the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect.

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12. Hystricomorpha12.1. Taxonomy

Superfamily Family Number of species

Ctenodactyloidea

Ctenodactylidae 5

Diatomyidae 1

Hystricognathi 36

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12. Hystricomorpha12.2. Chinchilla lanigeraIUCN: Critically endangeredRange description: ChileHabitat and Ecology: It occurs in barren, arid, and rugged areas of the mountain chains connecting the coastal mountain ranges and the Andes. Typical habitat is rocky or sandy with a sparse cover of thorn shrubs, few herbs and forbs, scattered cacti, and patches of succulent bromeliads toward the coast.Threat: This species has been threatened for years by human activities, including poaching, hunting, grazing by cattle and goats, mining, and firewood extraction. Despite current protection measures, populations are continuing to decline. Current hypotheses to explain this decline, as summarized by Jimenez (1996), include:(1) current numbers are lower than the minimum viable population size for long-term survival;(2) predation by foxes upon chinchillas has increased during the past decades; (3) the later decline is caused by long-term abiotic and/or biotic changes; and (4) the trend might represent the decreasing phase of a long-term natural cycle of chinchilla populations.Conservation: Legislation to protect the species has been in place since 1929, but was not efficiently enforced until the establishment of the Reserva Nacional Las Chinchillas in Auco, Chile in 1983. This species has been included in CITES Appendix I since 1977.

2×(I 11C

00 Pm

11 M

33 )=20

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13. References

0http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-471-01-0001.pdf

0www.wikipedi.org0www.google.com0www.iucn.org0www.awc.org0Dr.Charlotte Uhlenburk “Animals and their lives”0Red list of Mongolia0http://vdt.ugent.be/sites/default/files/art79503.pdf