1. Water Quality Monitoring Presented by Prof. Dr. Manal Ahmed
Prof. Envioronmental Health E.mail: [email protected]
2. Outlines Lake and source of pollution Lake water quality
monitoring Sampling Technique for water quality monitoring
3. Eco -system balance Phytoplankton (predominantly algae. form
the base of a lake's food chain), require sunlight, water, and
nutrients for photosynthesis. primary producers . Zooplankton, such
as the shrimp,are the primary consumers because they eat the
primary producers (algae Planktivores are organisms include fish
that eat zooplankton The piscivores are at the top of the aquatic
food web and are fish- eating fish Benthic macroinvertebrates are
some of the organisms living on or in the lake sediment that
consume algae, bacteria, detritus
4. Sources of surface water pollution
5. Lakes: Physical Processes Temp. seasonal air temperatures
directly affect lake temperatures. Summer. 3 layer s are formed The
epilimnion is the upper layer. It is warm, well-mixed, and rich in
dissolved oxygen. The metalimnion is also called the thermocline
region. The thermocline is the point of maximum temperature change
within the metalimnion. The drastic density change in this layer
prevents the epilimnion and hypolimnionfrom mixing
6. The hypolimnion: is the bottom layer of cold water. Because
this layer is isolated from the atmosphere and the epilimnion, it
becomes anoxic. the release of phosphorus, a nutrient, from the
lake bottom sediment into the hypolimnion. Winter: 2 layers are
formed Spring & fall: Over turn is formed
7. Erosion Erosion is the detachment and movement of soil
particles by natural forces, primarily water and wind. It is the
process of wearing away rocks, geologic, and soil material via
water, wind, or ice. Erosion will transport materials after
mechanical weathering has broken rock and geologic materials down
into smaller, moveable pieces.
8. Wind. Wind can move sediment grains over long distances when
they are carried through the air. Water. Flowing water plays a
major role in erosion by carrying away soils and other materials on
the land surface.
9. Ecological and Economic Impacts of erosion Causes can result
in the destruction of aquatic habitat and a reduction in the
diversity and abundance of aquatic life Suspended sediment causes
the water to be cloudy (turbid). Increased turbidity reduces light
transmission (and hence photosynthesis ), thereby reducing the
growth of algae and aquatic plants, which can adversely affect the
entire aquatic ecosystem.
10. Increased turbidity decreases the water's aesthetic appeal
and the human enjoyment of recreational activities. Some metal ions
, pesticides , and nutrients may adhere to sediment particles and
be transported downstream
11. Lake: Chemical process Oxygen Oxygen concentration is often
considered the most important indicator for lake health. For a lake
to maintain health there must be enough oxygen for the aerobic
organisms and in the lower water layers of the lake, where much
decomposition occurs.
12. Without sufficient oxygen, the hypolimnion may become
anoxic (devoid of oxygen) during decomposition Anoxic conditions
near the sediment-water interface are normal and help regenerate
important nutrients such as phosphorus. Byproducts of decomposition
include carbon dioxide, methane, phosphorus, and ammonia a form of
nitrogen.
13. Nutrients Lakes can be categorized on the basis of their
richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth.
Oligtrophic lake (nutrient poor) and are generally clear, having a
low concentration of plant life. Mesotrophic Lake(moderately
productive) have good clarity and an average level of
nutrients.
14. Eutrophic lake (very productive and fertile) are enriched
with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible Algea
Bloom. Hypertophic lakes (excessively enriched with nutrients) have
poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms.
15. Source of water pollution
16. Industrial pollution Toxins can harm aquatic and human
life. They are created by a wide variety of human practices and
products like Heavy metals, pesticides and organic compounds like
PCBs. Many pops are resistant to breakdown and tend to be passed
through the food chain to be concentrated in top predators.
17. Hydrocarbon (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds
discharged from petrochemical industries. Detergents ( cationic,
anionic, nonionic) from laundries and softening process in many
industries are toxic to aquatic life. Heavy metals in the effluents
from electroplating industries, dying, printing, batteries
manufacturing, Tanning, mine drainage
18. Thermal Pollution and Thermal Shocks Raising water
temperatures from normal levels can adversely affect water quality
and aquatic life. Higher temperature of water can adversely affects
its use as coolant in industries. less D.O in warm water than in
cold, aquatic life suffers and less D.O is available for natural
biological degradation of any organic pollution discharged into
these warm surface waters. bacterial action increases in higher
temperatures, resulting in accelerated depletion of the streams
oxygen resources.
19. Domestic wastewater (Sewage) outfall Untreated waste: Fecal
contamination sources. Organic waste . Nitrogen and phosphorous .
Detergents. Anaerobic condition leading to bad smell as H2s-
NH3
20. Domestic wastewater (Sewage) discharge Oxygen Sag Curve
from downstream of organic waste
21. Urban runoff. Roofs, streets, and parking lots, and rain
rapidly run off into lakes and rivers through drainage ways and
storm sewers. This urban runoff may contain nonpoint-source
pollutants such as trash, pet wastes, lawn fertilizers, and
herbicides, as well as ,other pollutants from vehicles.
22. Oil, grease and gasoline from roadways, and chemicals used
in home, gardens, yards and on farm crops, are major sources of
toxic contaminants. Leaching of metals from garbage, solid wastes
dump, domestic effluents and urban storm-water runoff.
23. Agriculture run off Chemical fertilizers, phosphorus,
pesticides, insecticides , herbicides , Metals contained in
pesticides may be run- off into stream. Animal wastes create water
pollution introduce nutrients and disease-causing organisms into
the water.
24. Feedlots often collect wastes from thousands of animals and
store the wastes in central facilities from which they may be
withdrawn and applied as fertilizer or soil conditioner. Improperly
maintained storage facilities or improperly applied fertilizer can
create water pollution problems.
25. Pesticide leaching Leaching may not only originate from
treated fields, but also from, pesticide application machinery
washing sites, or disposal areas. Contamination may also occur when
soil and pesticides are washed into surface water by heavy rains.
This contamination may come from urban areas, lawns, golf courses,
parks, or agricultural fields. Runoff pollution is difficult to
control. The best method of control is limited use of chemical
pesticides.
26. Fertilizers Leaching, runoff The nitrogen (N) and
phosphorous (P) applied to agricultural land (via synthetic
fertilizers), if not managed correctly, excess N and P can have
negative environmental impacts. The nitrate form is water-soluble
and moves with the water into surface water. The ammonium form
attaches to soil particles. it will wash into surface water if the
soil erodes. Eutrophicationcan occur downstream due to excess
nutrient supply, leading to anoxicareas called dead zones.
27. The symptoms and impacts of eutrophication Increase in
production and biomass of phytoplankton, attached algae, and
macrophytes. Replacement of desirable fish; by less desirable
species. Production of toxins by certain algae (blue green). Loss
of recreational use of water due to slime, weed infestation, and
noxious odour from decaying algae.
28. Organic contaminants& Pathogens
ManureandBiosolidsmanures and biosolids contain not only nutrients
such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, but they may also contain
contaminants such as pharmaceuticals. Pathogens wash off the land
from wild animal, farm animal and pet waste, and can also enter the
lake from improperly functioning septic systems, leaky sewer lines
and boat sanitarydisposal systems. This lead to contaminations of
aquatic life.
29. Egyptian Lake Mariut
30. Lake Maryut receives numerous inflows from different
sources mainly from: - El Qalaa and El Omoum Agriculture Drains,
Sewage West Treatment Plant, -El Nubaria Canal and Industrial
direct discharge. There are other subsidiary sources of inflows
namely sea locks and ground water seepage.
31. The main basin of Lake Mariut is receiving industrial
discharge indirectly through the main municipal wastewater
treatment plants in Alexandria; West wastewater treatment plant
(WTP) and East wastewater treatment plant (ETP). The design
capacity of ETP and WTP is 607,000 m3/ day and 462,000 m3/ day
respectively. The main basin (21 km2) with an average depth of 1.2
meters; The northwest basin (10.5 km2) with an average depth of
1.25 meters;
32. The fishery basin (4.2 km2) with an average depth of 1.35
meters; The southwest basin (21 km2) with an average depth of 0.5
meters; and The west basin (8.4 km2) with an average depth of 0.6
meters. The concentration of dissolved oxygen in all the basins is
less the 5 mg/l.
33. Sources ofLake Mariut pollution It is a eutrophic lake
receiving massive and numerous discharges: domestic, agricultural
and industrial. these waters bear high organic matter, nutrients,
various chemicals, and pesticides. Lake Maryut receives numerous
inflows from different sources mainly from: El Qalaa and El Omoum
Agriculture Drains, Sewage West Treatment Plant,
34. El Nubaria, Canal and Industrial direct discharge. There
are other subsidiary sources of inflows ground water seepage. The
fact that domestic sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste are
discharged continuously to the lake makes this pumping station
essential to maintain water level at 1.88 2.0 m below sea level.
Companies discharging directly or indirectly into Mariut Lake.
35. These companies are classified in three groups: A) Seven
Companies Connected to the Public Sewer and Disposing their
Effluents to Lake through ETP: B) Seven Companies Connected to the
Public Sewer and Disposing their Effluents to Lake through WTP: C)
Two Companies Discharging their Effluent Directly to the Lake:
36. A water balance of Lake Mariut
37. ARTICLE 68 Table 2-1: Water Quality Parameters of Water
Surfaces that are approved as discharge water receiving bodies (law
48/1982 article 68) Parameter Concentration Temperature Not more
than 5 over the prevailing average Dissolved oxygen Not less than 4
mg/L at any time Hydrogen(basin)exponent Not less than 7 and mot
more than 8.5 Industrial detergents Not more than0.5 mg/L Phenol
Not more than 0.005 mg/L Sediment Not more than50 units Dissolved
solid substances Not more than 650 mg/L Probable counting for the
colon group in 100cm3 Not more than 5000