ScSvmv UNIVERSITY

Akhil Mi$hranth

Proudly

PRESENTS YOU.....!

What is a WATERSHED………?

• A watershed is the area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place

It carries rainwater falling on it drop by drop and channels it into soil, rivulets and streams flowing into large rivers and in due course sea.

Brief Introduction about WATERSHEDBrief Introduction about WATERSHED:

• SIZE:SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off.precipitation received, retained, drained off.

• SHAPE:SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, parameters like geology and structure,

• eg. pear, elongated etc.eg. pear, elongated etc.• PHISIOGRAPHY:PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical Lands altitude and physical

disposition.disposition.• SLOPE:SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and It controls the rainfall distribution and

movement: movement: • CLIMATE:CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach. It decides the quantitative approach.• DRAINAGE:DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics It determines the flow characteristics

and so the erosion behavior.and so the erosion behavior.•

• VEGETATION:VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops.ground for selection plants and crops.

• GEOLOGY AND SOILSGEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, : Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenerygreenery

• HYDROLOGY:HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available.water available.

• HYDROGEOLOGY:HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater. Availability of groundwater.

• SOCIOECONOMICS:SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.managing water.

TYPES

WATERSHEDS(classifies)

Micro Watersheds

(0-10 ha)

Small Watersheds(10-40 ha)

Large watersheds (400-1000 ha)

SIGNIFICANCE:*The features are all important when studying watersheds The features are all important when studying watersheds

because watersheds themselves are significant to areas because watersheds themselves are significant to areas worldwide as people depend on water. worldwide as people depend on water.

*It is the watershed that provides drinking water, as well as *It is the watershed that provides drinking water, as well as water for recreation, irrigation and industrial activities. water for recreation, irrigation and industrial activities.

*Watersheds are also significant for plants and animals as *Watersheds are also significant for plants and animals as they provide food and waterthey provide food and water

*By studying the key watershed features in addition to *By studying the key watershed features in addition to activities along waterways scientists, other researchers activities along waterways scientists, other researchers and city governments can work to keep them healthy and city governments can work to keep them healthy because a small change in one portion of a watershed because a small change in one portion of a watershed can drastically affect other parts.can drastically affect other parts.

Coming to…… WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

• It can be defined as.... It can be defined as.... Watershed Watershed managementmanagement is the study of the relevant is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed aimed at characteristics of a watershed aimed at the sustainable distribution of its resources the sustainable distribution of its resources and the process of creating and and the process of creating and implementing plans, programs, and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and enhance projects to sustain and enhance watershedwatershed functions that affect the functions that affect the plantplant, , animalanimal, and , and humanhumancommunities within a communities within a watershed boundary. watershed boundary.

But why should we implement plans & programes……?

The most common nonpoint pollutants are soil The most common nonpoint pollutants are soil (sediment) and nutrients picked up by runoff (sediment) and nutrients picked up by runoff as it flows over land to surface waters. These as it flows over land to surface waters. These pollutants may come from agricultural land pollutants may come from agricultural land and other open spaces, urban areas, and other open spaces, urban areas, construction sites, roads, parking lots and construction sites, roads, parking lots and other areas. Other common pollutants include other areas. Other common pollutants include pesticides, pathogens (bacteria and viruses), pesticides, pathogens (bacteria and viruses), salts, oil and grease.salts, oil and grease.

In Iowaareas,sediment is the In Iowaareas,sediment is the leading leading nonpointnonpoint source pollutant. source pollutant.

Most sediment in Iowa comes from Most sediment in Iowa comes from agricultural practices,such as agricultural practices,such as

cropland tillage and livestock in cropland tillage and livestock in pastures,woodlands and feedlots.pastures,woodlands and feedlots.

High levels of eroded sediment also High levels of eroded sediment also come from construction sites, come from construction sites,

streambanks and lake shorelines. streambanks and lake shorelines.

*Nonpoint source pollution is *Nonpoint source pollution is responsible for sediment that fills in responsible for sediment that fills in lakes and streams, covers fish lakes and streams, covers fish habitat, and reduces visibility in the habitat, and reduces visibility in the water.water.*It is also often responsible for *It is also often responsible for destroyed fish and wildlife habitat, destroyed fish and wildlife habitat, unsafe drinking water, fish kills, and unsafe drinking water, fish kills, and reduced aesthetic and recreational reduced aesthetic and recreational value of waterbodies. value of waterbodies.

Objectives of watershed management

1.1. To control damaging runoff and degradation To control damaging runoff and degradation and thereby conservation of soil and water.and thereby conservation of soil and water.

2. To manage and utilize the runoff water for 2. To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose.useful purpose.

3. To protect, conserve and improve the land of 3. To protect, conserve and improve the land of watershed for more efficient andwatershed for more efficient andsustained production.sustained production.

4. To protect and enhance the water resource 4. To protect and enhance the water resource originating in the watershed. originating in the watershed.

5. To check soil erosion and to 5. To check soil erosion and to reduce the effect of sediment yield reduce the effect of sediment yield on the watershed.on the watershed.6. To rehabilitate the deteriorating 6. To rehabilitate the deteriorating lands.lands.7. To moderate the floods peaks at 7. To moderate the floods peaks at down stream areas.down stream areas.8. To increase infiltration of 8. To increase infiltration of rainwater. rainwater.

9. To improve and increase the 9. To improve and increase the production of timbers, fodder and production of timbers, fodder and wild life resource.wild life resource.

10. To enhance the ground water 10. To enhance the ground water recharge, wherever applicable. recharge, wherever applicable.

Some of the watershed management structures are as follows

**BROAD BEDS AND FURROWSBROAD BEDS AND FURROWS

**CONTOUR BUNDCONTOUR BUND

**Check damCheck dam

**Stone BarriersStone Barriers

BROAD BEDS AND FURROWS a. a. FUNCTION

To control erosion and to conserve soil moisture in the To control erosion and to conserve soil moisture in the soil during rainy days.soil during rainy days.

b. GENERAL INFORMATION

The broad bed and furrow system is laid within the field The broad bed and furrow system is laid within the field boundaries. The land levels taken and it is laid using boundaries. The land levels taken and it is laid using

either animal drawn or tractor drawn ridgers.either animal drawn or tractor drawn ridgers.

d. SALIENT FEATURES

Conserves soil moisture in drylandConserves soil moisture in dryland

Controls soil erosion.Controls soil erosion.

Acts as a drainage channel during heavy rainy days.Acts as a drainage channel during heavy rainy days.

CONTOUR BUND

a.FUNCTION *To intercept the run off flowing down the slope by an *To intercept the run off flowing down the slope by an

embankment embankment b. GENERAL INFORMATION*It helps to control run off velocity. The embankment may *It helps to control run off velocity. The embankment may

be closed or open, surplus arrangements are provided be closed or open, surplus arrangements are provided wherever necessary.wherever necessary.

d. d. SALIENT FEATURES• i. It can be adopted on all soils i. It can be adopted on all soils

ii. It can be laid upto 6% slopes. ii. It can be laid upto 6% slopes. iii. It helps to retain moisture in the field.iii. It helps to retain moisture in the field.

CHECK DAM• Salient features• A low weir normally constructed across the gulliesA low weir normally constructed across the gullies• Constructed on small streams and long gullies formed Constructed on small streams and long gullies formed

by erosive activity of flood waterby erosive activity of flood water• It cuts the velocity and reduces erosive activityIt cuts the velocity and reduces erosive activity• The stored water improves soil moisture of the The stored water improves soil moisture of the

adjoining area and allows percolation to recharge the adjoining area and allows percolation to recharge the aquifersaquifers

• Spacing between the check dams water spread of one Spacing between the check dams water spread of one should be beyond the water spread of the othershould be beyond the water spread of the other

• Height depends on the bank height, varies from a Height depends on the bank height, varies from a metre to 3 metre and length varies from less than 3m metre to 3 metre and length varies from less than 3m to 10mto 10m

STONE BARRIERS• DEFINITION:

• Barrier designed to enclose or exclose an areaBarrier designed to enclose or exclose an area

• APPROPRIATE FOR:

• ❖ ❖ of watersheds safety from, pollution of non of watersheds safety from, pollution of non point source of pollution;point source of pollution;

• ❖ ❖ protecting trees, understory vegetation, and protecting trees, understory vegetation, and soils from construction activitiessoils from construction activities

Recent conference on watershed managenment in our country.

Laws for Protecting• Environmental laws often dictate the planning Environmental laws often dictate the planning

and actions that agencies take to manage and actions that agencies take to manage watersheds. watersheds.

• Some laws require that planning be done, Some laws require that planning be done, others can be used to make a plan legally others can be used to make a plan legally enforceable and others set out the ground rules enforceable and others set out the ground rules for what can and cannot be done in for what can and cannot be done in development and planning. development and planning.

• Most countries and states have their own laws Most countries and states have their own laws regarding watershed management. regarding watershed management.

SOME MORE……..• Watershed Monitoring

• Watershed Cycle Map

• Water Summary Update

SO…..

By following these measures…we can control watersheds being extinct….!

****

Watersheds are importantWatersheds are important because the surface water because the surface water features and stormwater runoff within a watershed features and stormwater runoff within a watershed

ultimately drain to other bodies of water. ultimately drain to other bodies of water.

It is essential to consider these downstream impacts It is essential to consider these downstream impacts when developing and implementing water quality when developing and implementing water quality

protection and restoration actions. protection and restoration actions.

Everything upstream ends up downstream. We need to Everything upstream ends up downstream. We need to remember that we all live downstream and that our remember that we all live downstream and that our everyday activities can affect downstream waters. everyday activities can affect downstream waters.

So,we should protect our nature… coz….it is protecting you…and it I’ll protect u.. ♥

Our sincere Thanks to ourMrs. JAYALAKSHMI mam