Emotion Stress and Relaxation

What is Emotion?

Stimulus

CognitionAwareness

ConationUrge to take action

AffectFeeling

Response

What kind of an emotion of fear would be left if the feeling neither of quickened heart-beats nor of shallow breathing, neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of goose-

flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite impossible for me to think … I say that for us emotion dissociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable.”

William James, 1893 (Psychology: p. 379.)

Emotional Arousal and Performance

Model of the basic neural systems control of emotions

Neocorticalprocessing

Subcortical

processing

Skeletomotor and

Autonomic controlPeripheryStimulus

EffectorsFiltering and Evaluation

Cognitive Theory of Emotion <1880

Stimulus

Cognition

Conation/Affect Response

1

2

3

A conscious, emotional event initiates reflexive autonomic responses in the body

Theory of Emotion: James Lange 1884

Stimulus

Cognition

Conation

Affect

Response1

4

2

3

•Emotions Are Cognitive Responses to Information From the Periphery

•Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an increase or decrease in blood pressure, heart rate, and muscular tension.

•“We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble and not that we cry, strike or tremble because we are sorry, angry or fearful as the case may be.”

Cannon Bard Theory: 1920 Proposed an alternate theroy

StimulusSubconscious

Cognition

Fight or Flight

Response

Affect

1. deafferentation of the viscera (in canines) produced no alteration of emotional behavior.

2. similar visceral changes and autonomic activation seem to occur across a spectrum of both emotional and non-emotional states and are thus “too uniform to offer a satisfactory means of distinguishing emotions… very different in subjective quality.”

3. “in the nerves distributed to the viscera the afferent (sensory) fibers may be only one-tenth as numerous as the efferent.

4. ” In addition, changes in visceral organs were noted to “respond with relative sluggishness” to potential changes in emotional state.

Objection to James Lange theory

Cannon Bard: Sham Rage Animal

The Hypothalamus Coordinates the Peripheral Expression of Emotional States : Stephen Ranson 1932, Walter Hess 1940

Hypothalamic control of ANS

Schachter Singer Cognitive Theory of Emotion (1960)

“the variety of emotion, mood and feeling states are by no means matched by an equal variety of visceral patterns.” This “rather ambiguous situation” led the them to conclude “that cognitive factors may be major determinants of emotional states.”

Arnold Appraisal Theory of Emotion

StimulusSubconscious

AppraisalResponse

AffectConscious

Appraisal

The Search for Cortical Representation of Feeling Has Led to the Limbic System

Papez Circuit

Papez Circuit of Emotional Response

Limbic system expanded

Kluver Bucy Syndrome 1939

Bilateral removal of the temporal

lobes in monkeys—including the

amygdala and the hippocampal

formation, as well as the nonlimbic

temporal cortex

the monkeys, which had been

quite wild before the procedure,

became tame and fearless and their

emotions flattened

Mouthing, Hypersexuality,

compulsive visual attention

Seat of Emotion: Amygdala

Learned Emotional Responses Are Processed in the Amygdala

Auditory emotional conditioning pathway

Model of associative learning in the amygdala

The Amygdala Mediates Both the Autonomic Expression and the Cognitive Experience of Emotion

The Amygdala Is the Part of the Limbic System Most Specifically Involved With Emotional Experience

The Amygdala May Be Involved in Both Pleasurable and Fearful Responses to Stimuli

Two Pathway of Emotion

Emotional Pathway

Listening to Heart

The Frontal, Cingulate, and Parahippocampal Cortices Are Involved in Emotion

Emotional Expressions: Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Contributions

Nervous system that organize emotional experience and expression

Cortical Lateralization of Emotional Functions

:Plutchik

What is Stress?

•Stress is reaction to something considerd a challenge or a threat.

•Anything that causes a change in your life causes stress

•Stress is a natural way for us to adjust to changes so we can keep in balance

•Change may be real or virtual, good or bad

STRESS EVENT VALUES   1. DEATH OF SPOUSE 100 2. DIVORCE 60 3. MENOPAUSE 60 4. SEPARATION FROM LIVING PARTNER 605. JAIL TERM OR PROBATION 60 6. DEATH OF CLOSE FAMILY MEMBER OTHER THAN SPOUSE 60 7. SERIOUS PERSONAL INJURY OR ILLNESS 45 8. MARRIAGE OR ESTABLISHING LIFE PARTNERSHIP 45 9. FIRED AT WORK 45 10. MARITAL OR RELATIONSHIP RECONCILIATION 40 11. RETIREMENT 40 12. CHANGE IN HEALTH OF IMMEDIATE FAMILY MEMBER 4013. WORK MORE THAN 40 HOURS PER WEEK 35 14. PREGNANCY OR CAUSING PREGNANCY 3515. SEX DIFFICULTIES 3516. GAIN OF NEW FAMILY MEMBER 3517. BUSINESS OR WORK ROLE CHANGE 3518. CHANGE IN FINANCIAL STATE 35

19. DEATH OF A CLOSE FRIEND (not a family member) 3020. CHANGE IN NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS WITH SPOUSE OR LIFE PARTNER 3021. MORTGAGE OR LOAN FOR A MAJOR PURPOSE 25 22. FORECLOSURE OF MORTGAGE OR LOAN 2523. SLEEP LESS THAN 8 HOURS PER NIGHT 25 24. CHANGE IN RESPONSIBILITIES AT WORK 2525. TROUBLE WITH IN-LAWS,OR WITH CHILDREN 2526. OUTSTANDING PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT 2527. SPOUSE BEGINS OR STOPS WORK 2028. BEGIN OR END SCHOOL 2029. CHANGE IN LIVING CONDITIONS (visitors in the home, change in roommates, remodeling house) 20 30. CHANGE IN PERSONAL HABITS (diet, exercise, smoking, etc.) 2031. CHRONIC ALLERGIES 20 32.TROUBLE WITH BOSS 20 33.CHANGE IN WORK HOURS OR CONDITIONS 1532. MOVING TO NEW RESIDENCE 15 35.PRESENTLY IN PRE-MENSTRUAL PERIOD 1533. CHANGE IN SCHOOLS 1534. CHANGE IN RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES 15 35. CHANGE IN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (more or less than before) 15 36. MINOR FINANCIAL LOAN 10 37. CHANGE IN FREQUENCY OF FAMILY GET-TOGETHERS 10 38. VACATION 10 39. PRESENTLY IN WINTER HOLIDAY SEASON 1040. MINOR VIOLATION OF THE LAW 5

Stress

Physiology of Stress

Acute stress

•Acute stress is the reaction to an immediate threat, commonly known as the fight or flight response. The threat can be any situation that is experienced, even subconsciously or falsely, as a danger.

– noise,  – crowding,– isolation,– hunger, – danger,  – infection,  – imagining a threat or

remembering a dangerous event.

Chronic Stress

on-going highly pressured work,

long-term relationship problems,

loneliness, and  

persistent financial worries

Cardio respiratory response

Immune response

Other responses

Heart Disease

Precipitates– Angina

– Heart attack

– Arrhythmias

– Sudden death

Hypertension

Psychological effect

Depression

Anxiety

Sleep disturbance

Forgetfulness

Other effect of Stress

Stroke

Susceptibility to infection

Immune disorders

Cancer

GI Problems

Endocrine problem

Metabolic problem

Who are at risk?

Psychological -Early nurturing, Personality trait

Genetic factor

Immunological

Age – Young and old

Sex - Women

Social – minorities, single

Economical - poor

Education – Less educated

Geographical – Cities

Work Risk Factors

Having no participation in decisions that affect

one's responsibilities.

Unrelenting and unreasonable demands for

performance.  

Lack of effective communication and conflict-

resolution methods among workers and

employers.  

Lack of job security.  

Long hours.  

Excessive time spent away from home and

family.  

Office politics and conflicts between workers.  

Wages not commensurate with levels of

responsibility.

An Absent Relaxation Response

Deficiency of a protein nociceptin in

the brain

Smoking , Alcohol and Stress

Stress like disorders

Anxiety

Depression

Post Traumatic stress disorder

Identify the magnitude of problem

Identify sources of stress, Questioning the Sources of Stress.

how serious a problem stress is for you. Do you feel under constant stress, or is it 'on and off'?

try to decide if you are under more stress now than you were a year or two ago. If you are, have the pressures changed, or just your attitude toward them?

Learn to handle stress

Talking about your problems

Learn to recognize when you are coming under stress

Look at the list of things that cause you stress

When dealing with a major problem, try to break it down into smaller

parts

Schedule your time realistically

Handling stress

Take occasional short breaks from your work

Learn how to relax. One way is to practice doing certain things

slowly

Learn to say no

Develop other interests that will help you forget about your

problems for a while

Consider outside help, such as counseling or group 'clinics

Food and Mood

Exercise

Establish a Support Network

Relaxation Techniques

Deep breathing (Pranayama)

Progressive Muscle relaxation

Meditation

Biofeedback