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Alcohol abuse

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Alcohol abuse

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Page 1: Alcohol abuse

Alcohol abuse, Hazardous Alcohol abuse, Hazardous use, Binge drinking and use, Binge drinking and

Alcohol dependencyAlcohol dependencyKEALEBOGA D. SMITH KEALEBOGA D. SMITH

MBBS IVMBBS IV

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ObjectivesObjectives1.1. Overview of alcohol useOverview of alcohol use

2.2. Risk factors for alcoholismRisk factors for alcoholism

3.3. Medical complications of alcohol misuseMedical complications of alcohol misuse

4.4. Alcohol abuseAlcohol abuse

5.5. Alcohol dependencyAlcohol dependency

6.6. Hazardous useHazardous use

7.7. Binge drinkingBinge drinking

8.8. Prevention of alcoholism & treatment Prevention of alcoholism & treatment goalsgoals

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Overview Overview

Alcohol is probably the oldest Alcohol is probably the oldest psychoactive substance known to psychoactive substance known to humankindhumankind

The distillation of alcohol dates from The distillation of alcohol dates from about 800BC, when it first began to about 800BC, when it first began to be used in China, India and Arabia.be used in China, India and Arabia.

Alcohol has always had a place in Alcohol has always had a place in the lifestyles and formal rituals of the lifestyles and formal rituals of many peoples around the worldmany peoples around the world

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Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is a Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is a psychoactive substance that is psychoactive substance that is classified as a CNS depressantsclassified as a CNS depressants

The amount of alcohol in drinks is The amount of alcohol in drinks is measured in units.measured in units.

One unit contains ~8g of alcoholOne unit contains ~8g of alcohol

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Alcohol metabolismAlcohol metabolism

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Why people start Why people start drinking?drinking?

Media: advertising, TV, movies, music

Peer pressurePeer pressure Family/ friendsFamily/ friends For funFor fun To feel cool and differentTo feel cool and different Relieve stress/ relaxRelieve stress/ relax

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Risk factors for Risk factors for alcoholismalcoholism

Being a maleBeing a male Lower socioeconomic groupLower socioeconomic group Lower educational levelsLower educational levels Young peopleYoung people Some professions associated with Some professions associated with

heavy drinking e.g drinks industry heavy drinking e.g drinks industry workers, doctors, lawyersworkers, doctors, lawyers

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Medical complications of Medical complications of alcohol misusealcohol misuse

Hepatic (e.g presents as fatty change, Hepatic (e.g presents as fatty change, alcoholic hepatitis & cirrhosis)alcoholic hepatitis & cirrhosis)

GIT ( e.g gastritis, chronic diarrhea, GIT ( e.g gastritis, chronic diarrhea, chronic pancreatitis, Barrett’s oeso, chronic pancreatitis, Barrett’s oeso, Mallory-Weiss tear)Mallory-Weiss tear)

CVS (e.g dilated cardiomyopathy, CVS (e.g dilated cardiomyopathy, HTN, cardiac arrhythiamias)HTN, cardiac arrhythiamias)

Resp (e.g TB, pneumonia)Resp (e.g TB, pneumonia) Cancers (e.g hepatocellular, oeso, Cancers (e.g hepatocellular, oeso,

stomach, mouth, tongue & pharynx stomach, mouth, tongue & pharynx

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Neurological (e.g Wernicke-Korsakoff Neurological (e.g Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, central pontine myelinolysis, central pontine myelinolysis, cerebellar degeneration, optic cerebellar degeneration, optic atrophy)atrophy)

Genitourinary (e.g erectile problems, Genitourinary (e.g erectile problems, hypogonadism in men)hypogonadism in men)

Other (e.g fetal alcohol syndrome, Other (e.g fetal alcohol syndrome, gout, osteoporosis, RTAs, impaired gout, osteoporosis, RTAs, impaired absorption of specific vitaminsabsorption of specific vitamins

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Harmful/hazardous use Harmful/hazardous use (ICD-10)(ICD-10) A pattern of psychoactive substance use A pattern of psychoactive substance use

that is causing damage to health.that is causing damage to health. The damage may be physical (as in cases The damage may be physical (as in cases

of hepatitis from the self-administration of of hepatitis from the self-administration of injected drugs) or mental (e.g. episodes of injected drugs) or mental (e.g. episodes of depressive disorder secondary to heavy depressive disorder secondary to heavy consumption of alcohol).consumption of alcohol).

Acute intoxication or "hangover" is not in Acute intoxication or "hangover" is not in itself sufficient evidence of the damage to itself sufficient evidence of the damage to health required for coding harmful use.health required for coding harmful use.

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Binge drinkingBinge drinking

The National Institute on Alcohol The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism define it as “a Abuse and Alcoholism define it as “a pattern of drinking that brings a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.”(BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.”

This typically happens when men This typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks, and when consume 5 or more drinks, and when women consume 4 or more drinks, in women consume 4 or more drinks, in about 2 hours.about 2 hours.

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binge drinking is more common among binge drinking is more common among young adults aged 18–34 yearsyoung adults aged 18–34 years

Older people also report binge drinking Older people also report binge drinking more oftenmore often

The prevalence of binge drinking among men is twice the prevalence among women.

Binge drinking is associated with many Binge drinking is associated with many health problems, most of them listed in health problems, most of them listed in the previous slidesthe previous slides

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when people binge drink, they take in when people binge drink, they take in alcohol faster than the body can process italcohol faster than the body can process it

When excessive amounts of alcohol are When excessive amounts of alcohol are consumed, the brain is deprived of oxygen. consumed, the brain is deprived of oxygen.

The struggle to deal with an overdose of The struggle to deal with an overdose of alcohol and lack of oxygen will eventually alcohol and lack of oxygen will eventually cause the brain to shut down the cause the brain to shut down the involuntary functions that regulate involuntary functions that regulate breathing and heart rate.breathing and heart rate.

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Symptoms include the Symptoms include the followingfollowing

VomitingVomiting UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness

Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin Cold, clammy, pale, or bluish skin Slow or irregular breathing (less Slow or irregular breathing (less than 8 breaths a minute or 10 or than 8 breaths a minute or 10 or more seconds between breaths). more seconds between breaths).

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Evidence-based interventions to prevent Evidence-based interventions to prevent binge drinking and related harms binge drinking and related harms include:include:Increasing alcoholic beverage costs and excise Increasing alcoholic beverage costs and excise taxes.taxes.Limiting the number of retail alcohol outlets that Limiting the number of retail alcohol outlets that sell alcoholic beverages in a given area.sell alcoholic beverages in a given area.Holding alcohol retailers responsible for the Holding alcohol retailers responsible for the harms caused by their underageharms caused by their underageRestricting access to alcohol by maintaining Restricting access to alcohol by maintaining limits on the days and hours of alcohol retail sales.limits on the days and hours of alcohol retail sales.Consistent enforcement of laws against underage Consistent enforcement of laws against underage drinking and alcohol-impaired driving.drinking and alcohol-impaired driving.Maintaining government controls on alcohol sales Maintaining government controls on alcohol sales Screening and counseling for alcohol misuse.Screening and counseling for alcohol misuse.

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU