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ethanol and its acute and chronic toxicity on the human body.
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Ethanol toxicity
Zaid S. Jumaah Collage of pharmacy University of Baghdad
INTRODUCTION
• Historical background 7000 B.C !
• Today 3.8% deaths 4.6% disabilities
What is ethanol• Amphipathic• Volatile, colorless
and flammable liquid
How it synthesize• Fermentation• Synthetic means
INTRODUCTION
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
Absorption• Its absorbed mainly
through GIT bypassive diffusion
• Peak serum conc.30-60 min afteringestion
• Could be absorbed form other routs
20%
80%
Presence of food Delay the peak serum conc.
Up to 2-6 hrsbut not decrease
met
abol
ism
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
Distribution & Elimination
• VD = 0.6 L/kg
• Rate of elimination8-35 mg/dl/hrwith average 20mg/dl/hr
Distribute through out
the bodyFast
Excretion5-7%
Breathalyzer
ALDH
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
Metabolism:Ethanol
MEOSP450
MEOSP450
ADH
Peroximalcatalase
Peroximalcatalase
Acetaldehyde
NAD+ NADH
O2NADPH
H2O2NADP+
H2O2
H2O
Peripheral tissue AcetateH2O + CO2
Disulfiram
PyrazoleAminotriazole
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
Mechanism of action
• Compilcated
• Modifying of neuronalmembranes
• Its thought to affect many receptors
GABA
Glutamate
Dopamine
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
• Alcohol Standard drink (alcohol unit):around 10gm or 10ml (UK)
Total amount of alcohol
Total body water BAC%
Regular beer can
0.5 Unit 1.4 UnitWine glass
4.2 UnitGin glass
PHARMACO-KINETICS/DYNAMICS
Body size
Gender
mood
Age
Tolerance
Drug use
Affecting factors
ACUTE TOXICITY
• Human Metabolizeone UK unit per hour
• When the metabolizingenzymes is saturated
TOXICITY OCCURE
consumption Metabolism
ALDH
ACUTE TOXICITY
EthanolMEOSP450
MEOSP450
ADH
Peroximalcatalase
Peroximalcatalase
Acetaldehyde
NAD+ NADH
O2NADPH
H2O2NADP+
H2O2
H2O
Peripheral tissue AcetateH2O + CO2
Metabolites
Flushing , Nausea, headach and general discomfort
Lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis and increase TG formation
ROS, and muscle weakness
ACUTE TOXICITY
CNS toxicity• It’s BAC dependent • Ranged from mild euphoria
to death
ACUTE TOXICITY
Other toxicities
GIT
Respiratory
Urinary Genitalia
Heart
ACUTE TOXICITY
Management• Correct any deterioration in Vital signs
• Increase ethanol clearance
• If the ingestion occurred within 1 hour of presentation
Airway IV fluid
Nasogastric
tube
No benefit from charcoal
Fructose Hemodialysis
CHRONIC TOXICITY
• ToleranceLow response to alcohol
• Withdrawal
Metabolic Functional Psychological
GABA Glutamate DopamineTremor
Insomnia
Hallucination
15% death if untreated
Ethanol Acetaldehydemetabolism
Acetate
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Gultathione depletion
ROS &Free radicals
Altered membrane proteinsNeoantigens formation
Impaired cytoskeletal transportStimulation of HSC
Immunological injuryDamage to cell
membranes
Increase fatty acid synthesis
Decrease fatty acid oxidation
Down regulated inchronic alcohol use
Gut Permeability Endotoxaemia Kupfer cell activation
TNFα
CHRONIC TOXICITYLiver Toxicity
Increase NADH/NAD+
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Central Nervous System• Increased homocysteine :
withdrawal seizure, Brain atrophy and cognitive problems
• Disruption in memorylearning and sleep patterns
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome• thiamine deficiency
• Korsakoff'sPsychosis
• Wernicke's encephalopathy
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Cardiovascular toxicity
• Acetaldehyde : protein, Ca+ andactin myocin
• Lipid peroxidation :ROS and others
Alcohol Induced Hypertension
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Gastrointestinal tract
• Irritation
• Pancreatitis : Acute and chronic
Pancreatic pain
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Cancer• Acetaldehyde
• defect in aldehyddehydrogenase
• GIT, liver cancer
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Alcohol and pregnancy (Fetal alcohol syndrome)
• physical, mental, and/or behavioural problems
• Mental retardation
Hormonal Imbalance
Respiratory
Gouty arthritis
Genitalia
Immune
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Other toxicities
Skin
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Management of chronic alcoholism
• Psychosocial treatment• Long-term treatment of
alcohol-related diseases• Nutritional supplements• Antabuse (Disulfiram)
CHRONIC TOXICITY
Management of withdrawal symptoms
• Benzodiazepines
• Nitrous oxide
• Vitamins
ETHANOL TOXICITY
Dose beer truly give you a beer belly ?
The answer is
NO drinking beer ALONE dose not cause a beer belly