Blood Clotting to the Clinical Importance of Minerals

Blood Clotting to the Clinical Importance of

MineralsMacrominerals

• Sodium Ion• Potassium Ion• Calcium Ion• Magnesium

Ion• Phosphate Ion

Microminerals

• Iron Ions• Copper Ions• Zinc Ions

Sodium Ion• Necessary for regulation of blood and

body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity and certain metabolic functions.

• The normal concentration of sodium in the blood plasma is 136-145 mM.

• Approximately 55% of Na occurs in Blood plasma.

• It makes possible nerve conduction, the process of various nutrient into cell, and the maintenance of blood pressure.

Deficiency involve in a decrease or

increase of Sodium Ion in our Blood

plasma:We have,

“Hypotremia” and “Hypertremia”

Hypotremia• Excess of body water caused by

drinking result in too little Sodium in the blood.

• Sodium concentration in the Blood plasma is too low.

• Below 135 mmol/L is the concentration of Na in the Blood plasma.

• Excessive drinking of beer which is mainly water and low in Sodium can also produce hypotremia when combined w/ poor diet.

Symptoms and Treatments(Hypotremia)Symptoms:

• Tiredness• Disorientation• Headache• Muscle cramp• Nausea

Treatments• Hypotremia can

be treated by infusion a solution of 5% Sodium chloride in water into blood stream.

Hypotremia is just one manifestation of a

variety of disorders like:

•Diseases in kidneys•Diseases in Pituary gland•Diseases of the hypothalamus

Hypernatremia• Condition where the loss of body

water caused Sodium concentration to rise higher than the normal Sodium in the blood plasma.

• defined wherein the Sodium level in the blood plasma is over 145 mM.

• Severe hypertremia, w/ Sodium level above 152 mM, can result in seizures and death.

Treatment:

• Infusion of a solution of water containing 0.9% Sodium chloride, which it is the normal concentration of Sodium chloride in the Blood plasma.

Potassium Ion• The normal concentration of Potassium in

the blood is in the range of 3.5. to 5.0 mM.

• Potassium stimulates the aggregation of platelets at the wound site.

• Facilitate nerves impulse conduction and the contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles, including the heart.

• Facilitate cell membrane function and enzyme activity.

Deficiency involve in a decrease or increase of Sodium Ion in our Blood

plasma:We have,

“Hypokalemia” and “Hyperkalemia”

Hypokalemia• The blood plasma level of potassium

ion falls below 3.5 mM.• Cause from an overall depletion of

Potassium in the body.• After 3 weeks of fasting, blood serum

potassium level decline below the normal level of K in the body.

• Severe hypokalemia result an abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to death from cardiac arrest.

Presence of Potassium in the blood:

Moderate Hypokalemia

• Between 2.5 and 3.0 mM presence of Potassium in the blood.

Severe Hypokalemia

• Under 2.5 mM presence of Potassium in the blood.

Hyperkalemia• Caused by an overall excess of potassium in the body.• Can result from too much consumption of Potassium salt.• Over 8.5 mM of potassium present in the body.

Calcium Ion• Participate in several reaction that

lead to the formation of fibrin during blood clotting process.

• About 47% of the calcium in the blood plasma is free, and 53% occurs in a complex form.

• The level of total Calcium in the blood is normally 8.5-10.5 mg/dL.

Deficiency involve in a decrease or increase of Sodium Ion in our Blood

plasma:We have,

“Hypocalcemia” and “Hypercalcemia”

Hypocalcemia

• Low level of calcium in the blood.• Occurs when calcium is under 3

mg/dL.

• Symptoms are;•Numbness•Muscle spasm in the face, feet and hand

Hypercalcemia• Is an abnormally high level of

calcium in the blood, usually more than 10.5mg/dL.

• Condition can cause Hypercalcemia:• Hyperthyrodism

– Excess secretion of parathyroid hormone by one or more of the parathyroid gland.

• Cancer– Cancer of the breast, lungs, head, neck and

kidney are frequently associated with Hypercalcemia.

Magnesium ion• Important in many bodily functions,

such a metabolism, energy production, hormone function, cellular membrane stability and the health of cardiovascular and immune system.

• Magnesium intake may benefit the function of the endothelium, the innermost layer of the blood vessels and decrease systemic inflammation.

Magnesium deficiency occurs with the person involves in:

• Alcoholism• Malnutrition• Kidney• Gastrointestinal diseases

• Magnesium deficiency can cause the walls of the arteries and capillaries to constrict, increasing the pressure the blood needs to pump through the vessels.

Chloride Ion• Found in fluid outside the cell or body.• Helps the body in normal balance of fluids.• Normal serum range for Chloride ion is 98-108 mmol/L.

Deficiency involve in a decrease or increase of Sodium Ion in our

Blood plasma:We have,

“Hypochloremia” and “Hyperchloremia”

Hypochloremia• Or decreased Chloride.• Chloride normally lost in the

urine, sweat and stomach secretion.

• Abnormally low level of chloride in the blood.

Hyperchloremia

•Or increased Chloride.• Elevated high level of Chlorine in the blood.

Phosphate ion• Influence platelet aggregation

during blood clotting.• Help nerve function and muscle

contracts.• The kidneys help to control the

amount of phosphate in the blood.• Extraphosphate (those excess

phosphate that the body don’t need) passes out of the body through the urine, it is being filtered by the kidney.

Iron Ions• Found in every cell of the body and it

helps to build blood cells.• For children age 2 to 5, normal Iron

levels is 11.0 g/dL.• For males over the age of 18 is the

13.5 g/dL of iron in the blood.• For females over the age of 18 (who

are not pregnant) is 12.0 g/dL of iron in the blood.

Importance of Iron in the blood

• Iron is a mineral used in the body to produce red blood cells. Most of the iron in your body is found in hemoglobin, which is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

• Iron helps to build and maintain healthy blood in your body. When the amount of iron in your blood gets low, iron deficiency anemia can occur. Anemia makes you tired, short of breath and even pale. The immune system may not function properly, and you may get sick easily.

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

• Iron-deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (a waste product) from your body.

• Anemia also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

• Iron-deficiency anemia usually develops over time if your body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy red blood cells. Without enough iron, your body starts using the iron it has stored. Soon, the stored iron gets used up.

What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?

• Not having enough iron in your body causes iron-deficiency anemia. Lack of iron usually is due to blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.

Blood Loss• When you lose blood, you lose iron. If you don't

have enough iron stored in your body to make up for the lost iron, you'll develop iron-deficiency anemia.

• In women, long or heavy menstrual periods or bleeding fibroids in the uterus may cause low iron levels..

• Internal bleeding (bleeding inside the body) also may lead to iron-deficiency anemia. This type of blood loss isn't always obvious, and it may occur slowly. Some causes of internal bleeding are:

• A bleeding ulcer,• colon polyp, or colon cancer

• Regular use of aspirin or other pain medicines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, ibuprofen and naproxen)

• Blood loss from severe injuries, surgery, or frequent blood drawings also can cause iron-deficiency anemia.

Copper Ion• Under normal conditions, copper that finds its way

into the body through the diet is processed within the liver. This processed form of copper is then passed into the gallbladder, along with the other components of bile (a fluid produced by the liver, which enters the small intestine in order to help in digestive processes). When the gallbladder empties its contents into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the copper in the bile enters and passes through the intestine with the waste products of digestion. In healthy individuals, copper is then passed out of the body in stool.

Wilson disease• In Wilson disease, copper does not pass

from the liver into the bile, but rather begins to accumulate within the liver. As copper levels rise in the liver, the damaged organ begins to allow copper to flow into the bloodstream, where it circulates. Copper is then deposited throughout the body, building up primarily in the kidneys, the brain and nervous system, and the eyes. Wilson disease, then, is a disorder of copper poisoning occurring from birth.

Integration of Wilson Disease to Genetics

• Wilson disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Autosomal recessive refers to the pattern of inheritance where each parent carries a gene for the disease on one of his or her chromosome pairs. When each parent passes on the chromosome with the gene for Wilson disease, the child will be affected with the disease. Both males and females can be affected with Wilson disease. If an individual is a carrier of the Wilson disease gene they do not have any symptoms of this disease. In order to be affected, an individual must inherit two copies of the gene, one from each parent. Many cases of Wilson disease may not be inherited but occur as a spontaneous mutation in the gene.

• The gene for Wilson disease is located on chromosome number 13. The name of the gene is called ATP7B and is thought to be involved in transporting copper.

Zinc Ions• An essential minerals required

for the metabolic activity of 300 of the body’s enzyme and is considered essential for cell division and synthesis of DNA and protein.

• Enzymes are involved with the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, fats and alcohol.

Hypozincemia• Hypozincemia, or the deficiency of zinc

vitamin, is mainly caused from unbalanced dietary intake. More severe symptoms of deficiency result from excessive alcohol use, diarrhea, chronic liver and renal diseases, diabetes, sickle cell anemia or malabsorption. The low proportions of zinc in your body can cause major genetic disorders, fertility problems in men, and abnormal growth and slow sexual maturity in children.

ThaNk you!!!

Prepared By:

Christian Jay D. Salazar

III-B (Biochemistry)