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Cardio-Respiratory Nuclear Cardio-Respiratory Nuclear Imaging from basics to Imaging from basics to
challenging clinical caseschallenging clinical casesDr Ihab Suliman FESCDr Ihab Suliman FESC
Assistant professor of Cardiology and Assistant professor of Cardiology and Consultant Division of advanced Consultant Division of advanced
Cardiac ImagingCardiac ImagingMember of the European working Member of the European working group on nuclear cardiology and group on nuclear cardiology and
cardiac CTcardiac CTMember of the Saudi ministry of health Member of the Saudi ministry of health experts panel committee on guidelinesexperts panel committee on guidelines
3/9/20163/9/2016
DisclosureDisclosure Nothing to declareNothing to declare
NUCLEAR MEDICINE NMNUCLEAR MEDICINE NM IMAGING SPECIALITY THAT FOCUSES ON IMAGING SPECIALITY THAT FOCUSES ON
THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS THE USE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS CALL “RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS” FOR CALL “RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS” FOR DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, THERAPY, AND MEDICAL RESEARCH.RESEARCH.
NMNM
Physiology & FunctionPhysiology & Function
RadiopharmaceuticalsRadiopharmaceuticals
+Biochemical
BondingPharmaceutical
Traces physiology / localises in organs of interest
Radioactivenuclide
Emits radiation for detection or therapy
TRACERSTRACERS ARE SELECTED THAT LOCALIZE IN ARE SELECTED THAT LOCALIZE IN
SPECIFIC ORGANS OR TISSUESSPECIFIC ORGANS OR TISSUES Ex: GLUCOSEEx: GLUCOSE
THE AMOUNT OF RADIOACTIVE THE AMOUNT OF RADIOACTIVE TRACER MATERIAL IS SELECTED TRACER MATERIAL IS SELECTED CAREFULLY TO PROVIDE THE CAREFULLY TO PROVIDE THE LOWEST AMOUNT OF RADIATION LOWEST AMOUNT OF RADIATION EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
RADIOACTIVE TRACERSRADIOACTIVE TRACERS PRODUCE ALPHA,GAMMA or BETA PRODUCE ALPHA,GAMMA or BETA
EMISSION FROM WITHIN THE ORGAN EMISSION FROM WITHIN THE ORGAN BEING STUDIEDBEING STUDIED
EMISSIONS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO EMISSIONS ARE TRANSFORMED INTO IMAGE THAT PROVIDE INFORMATION IMAGE THAT PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE FUNCTION OF THE ABOUT THE FUNCTION OF THE ORGAN OR SYSTEM BEING STUDIED.ORGAN OR SYSTEM BEING STUDIED.
ALARA ALARA Radiation Radiation exposure is an exposure is an occupational reality in occupational reality in NMT. Good radiation NMT. Good radiation safety practices keep safety practices keep exposures “exposures “AAs s LLow ow AAs s RReasonably easonably AAchievable” (ALARA).chievable” (ALARA).
• FILM BADGESFILM BADGES
• RING BADGESRING BADGES
• SPILLED SPILLED CHEMICALS CHEMICALS MUST BE MUST BE CLEANED UP CLEANED UP IMMEDIATELYIMMEDIATELY
INSTRUMENTATIONINSTRUMENTATION• RADIOACTIVE DETECTORSRADIOACTIVE DETECTORS
– GEIGER COUNTERGEIGER COUNTER– DOSE CALIBRATORDOSE CALIBRATOR
Exposure vs Effective doseExposure vs Effective dose the mean effective dose: the mean effective dose:
• NM diagnostic NM diagnostic procedureprocedure
• CXRCXR• UGI seriesUGI series• Lower GI seriesLower GI series• CT HeadCT Head• CT ChestCT Chest• CT AbdomenCT Abdomen
• 4.6 mSv4.6 mSv
• 0.008 mSv0.008 mSv• 4.5 mSv4.5 mSv• 6 mSv6 mSv• 1.5 mSv1.5 mSv• 5.4 mSv5.4 mSv• 3.9 mSV – 6.1 mSv3.9 mSV – 6.1 mSv
Gamma CameraGamma Camera
Dual Head Gamma Dual Head Gamma CameraCamera
Single Head Gamma Single Head Gamma CameraCamera
Triple Head Gamma Triple Head Gamma CameraCamera
The Gamma CameraThe Gamma Camera
Positioncircuitry
X Y Z
Collimator
NaICrystal
Photo Multiplier Tubes
Analogue to Digital Converters
Digitalcircuitry
Output position & energy signals
Tc-99m preparationTc-99m preparation
Tc-99mTc-99m
What does the heart do ?What does the heart do ?• The heart is a powerful muscle
consisting of two pumps side by side.
• Its steady beating maintains flow of blood to all parts of the body throughout life.
ECG/ Treadmill RadiographyEchocardiographyCT scanMRIAngiographyRadionuclide Radionuclide imagingimaging
Diagnostic modalities in heart disease
History of nuclear cardiologyHistory of nuclear cardiology Blumgard and Weiss (1927) :Blumgard and Weiss (1927) : the first use of radioactivity in the study of the the first use of radioactivity in the study of the
cardiovascular systemcardiovascular system Wilson : measurement of the circulation times Wilson : measurement of the circulation times Tl-201 (1971) Tl-201 (1971) The development and improvement of SPECTThe development and improvement of SPECT The development and established Tc-labeled agentsThe development and established Tc-labeled agents Alternative stress than physical exerciseAlternative stress than physical exercise Gate-spect allows simultaneous assessment both of Gate-spect allows simultaneous assessment both of
myocardial perfusion, function and assessment of myocardial perfusion, function and assessment of myocardial viability myocardial viability
Gamma camera coincidence imaging systemGamma camera coincidence imaging system Myocardial metabolic imagingMyocardial metabolic imaging
Diagnosis & prognosisDiagnosis & prognosis Risk stratificationRisk stratification Medical vs. surgical Medical vs. surgical
treatmenttreatment Efficiency of managementEfficiency of management
Clinical applicationsClinical applications
• CAD• Acute and post MI• Cardiomyopathy• Valvular disease and Shunts• Cardiotoxicity• Aneurysms• Transplants
Stress-rest Tl-201 and Tc-99m labeled agents has been widely used in the diagnosis and assessment of coronary artery disease
MPI still an important position in clinical practiceonly 1/3 of symptom-free men with exercise induced ST segment depression had coronary angiographic lesions > 50% diameter stenosis
MPI has been proposed to improve the accuracy and risk assessment of exercise testing in patients with suspected CAD
Sensitivity 74% - 96%, specificity 65% -97%
Cardiac stress testCardiac stress testPhysical exercisesPhysical exercises Exercise has to be adequate to produced the heterogenity Exercise has to be adequate to produced the heterogenity
in blood flow to achieve high detection sensitivityin blood flow to achieve high detection sensitivity TreadmilTreadmil ErgocycleErgocycle
PharmacologicalPharmacological Pharmacological stress test become important, since Pharmacological stress test become important, since
many patients are unable to exercisemany patients are unable to exercise
Pharmacological stress agents largely remove the need Pharmacological stress agents largely remove the need for patient cooperation and motivation, and enable a for patient cooperation and motivation, and enable a confident assessment of cardiac function in virtually all confident assessment of cardiac function in virtually all casescases DipyridamoleDipyridamole DobutamineDobutamine AdenosineAdenosine
Image interpretationImage interpretation
I. DefectsI. Defects LocationLocation ExtentExtent SeveritySeverity Reversible or fixedReversible or fixed Quantitative or semi quantitative Quantitative or semi quantitative
analysisanalysis
II. Other informationII. Other information Transient ischemic dilationTransient ischemic dilation Lung uptakeLung uptake
Case 1 Case 1 55 years old male with atypical 55 years old male with atypical
Chest pain and No risk factors.Chest pain and No risk factors.
ECG, Echo, Cardiac Enzymes are ECG, Echo, Cardiac Enzymes are NormalNormal
What Next?What Next? PET MPI using Rubidium 82PET MPI using Rubidium 82
Case 2 Case 2 70 years old lady with AF, DM, HTN, 70 years old lady with AF, DM, HTN,
IHD Previous PCI to RCA.IHD Previous PCI to RCA.
Came with Exertional Chest pain, Came with Exertional Chest pain, ECG and Echo are NormalECG and Echo are Normal
PET MPI using Rubidium 82PET MPI using Rubidium 82
This is a 61 yr old male who is k/c of This is a 61 yr old male who is k/c of type II DM. He has sustained acute type II DM. He has sustained acute Anterior wall myocardial infarction 2 Anterior wall myocardial infarction 2 days ago and was admitted in Affif days ago and was admitted in Affif hospital, where given thrombolytic hospital, where given thrombolytic therapy. Then he signed DAMA and therapy. Then he signed DAMA and came here for further manangement.came here for further manangement.
Echo EF 35-40%, Akinetic LAD area, Echo EF 35-40%, Akinetic LAD area, No significant Valvular pathologyNo significant Valvular pathology
Second Case Second Case 56 years old male with DM, HTN, 56 years old male with DM, HTN,
CVA Recovered .CVA Recovered .
Had occasional Exertional CP, ACS Had occasional Exertional CP, ACS Ruled Out in ER, Given appointment Ruled Out in ER, Given appointment for PET /CT Stress as OP for PET /CT Stress as OP
67 years old male with Recent 67 years old male with Recent anterior MI from another hospital.anterior MI from another hospital.
In MCICU he had Multiple and In MCICU he had Multiple and Recurrent VF/VT.Recurrent VF/VT.
EP labelled him as ischemic VF/VTEP labelled him as ischemic VF/VT
Cardiac surgery insisted on Viability Cardiac surgery insisted on Viability Before CABGBefore CABG
Case (1) 42 Male with DM, Case (1) 42 Male with DM, Prior Liver transplant, CKD Prior Liver transplant, CKD
Referred for Pre OP Referred for Pre OP Clearance(Normal studyClearance(Normal study) )
Case 2 63 F with DM, DLP Case 2 63 F with DM, DLP and CKD for Pre Op and CKD for Pre Op
Workup Workup (Normal (Normal study)study)
79 male with S/P CABG , 79 male with S/P CABG ,
Moderate Inferolateral defect with Moderate Inferolateral defect with Moderate partial peri-infract Moderate partial peri-infract ischemia ischemia
66 years old female 4 Preop 66 years old female 4 Preop ClearanceClearance
LBBB in SinusLBBB in Sinus
Booked for calcium score + Booked for calcium score + Persantin PET/CT Persantin PET/CT
Calcium Score showed Mid LAD mild Calcium Score showed Mid LAD mild calcificationcalcification
No obvious reversible ischemic No obvious reversible ischemic defect .defect .
Mild fixed defect at the apex Mild fixed defect at the apex represent apical thining represent apical thining
MPI(Myocardial perfusion imaging) has been widely used MPI(Myocardial perfusion imaging) has been widely used and an important position in the diagnosis and assessment and an important position in the diagnosis and assessment of CAD Sensitivity 74% - 96%, specificity 65% -97%of CAD Sensitivity 74% - 96%, specificity 65% -97%
Summary Summary
• Nuclear cardiology separates high risk patient who need invasive and expensive procedures from low risk patient who do not.
• Acts as a ”Gate - Keeper” for referral to angiography.
Cost of management strategies using MPI are cheaper and equally effective when compared with strategies without MPI with same outcome.
Nuclear cardiology separates persistent defect with LV dysfunction but viable myocardium from scar tissue