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WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATIONDEAR MADAM/SIR, YOU ARE REQUESTED NOT
TO PRESS ANY KEY DURING THE SLIDE SHOW .
THANK YOU. #LALIT KUMAR
-SCIENCE PRESENTATION BY LALIT KUMAR CLASS-IX SEC-AROLL NO.
-18
TOPIC: COMMUNICABLE ANDNON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASESPoints that we
will see in this presentationWhat are communicable and
non-communicable diseases? How communicable diseases spread?How
non-communicable diseases are caused? Examples of some communicable
and non-communicable diseases and some points about them What are
the symptoms of communicable diseases and non-communicable
diseases?How to prevent communicable and non-communicable
diseases?
INTRODUCTION #Lalit Kumar
What are communicable diseases?Communicable diseases are
diseases that spread from a disease infected person to a healthy
person.Diseases that are catching.Communicable diseases are
diseases that are caused by germs or pathogens.
#Lalit Kumar
How Communicable Diseases Spread?
#Communicable diseases spread through different ways.#These are
some ways- They spread through direct contact , i.e. when one
infected person directly comes in contact with a healthy person
They spread through indirect contact also. Indirect contact include
through coughing and sneezing, different means like air and water.
They are spread by carriers . Carriers are those who spread disease
through them. E.g. Mosquitoes-malaria and dengue House Flies-
#Lalit Kumar
Some Communicable Diseases #Lalit Kumar
Points on some communicable diseases #Lalit KumarDiseaseSigns
and symptomsIncubation PeriodMode of transmissionCommunicable
PeriodIsolationChicken Pox.Fever .Skin eruption begins as red
spots14-21 days but usually 13-17 days after exposureInfected
respiratory droplets or direct contact with bistersFor 1-2 days
before the rash until vesicles are dried and crustedFor not less
that 5 days after appearance of the first crop of
vesiclesConjunctivitis (Pink eye)Redness of white of eye24-72
hoursDirect contact with infected secretionsUntil symptoms have
disappearedUrge medical care .No exclusion of contactsCoryzaNasal
discharge and soreness of throat24-72 hoursDirect contact with
infected dropletsOne day before symptoms & continuing for
5daysNo exclusion of contacts.DiphtheriaFever,sore throat,gray
membrane on nose or throat2-6 daysContact with infectious
respiratory droplets Usually up to 2 weeksReport immediately by
telephone.CholeraSunken eye,muscle cramp,unconsiousness and
dehydration0.5 to 4.5 daysContaminated water and food1-3 days of
infectionUntil certified free from infection
MumpsFever,pain,swelling,headache,loss of appetite12-25 daysDirect
contact with respiratory secretion and saliva spread by
dropletsFrom 6 days before salivary gland involvement till swelling
of subsides.9 days from onset of swelling.
Lets know more #Lalit Kumar:MOSQUITOES: A small flying insect
that bites people and animals and suck their blood. Mosquito is a
monophagus animal , i.e. they can only feed on one type of
food.They live in swampy areas and dirty and dark places.The Female
Anopheles mosquito causes malaria.MALARIA-Malaria is a life
threatening parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes. It was
once thought the disease came from fetid marshes, hence the name
mal aria, (bad air).HISTORY OF MALARIA: *Malaria was first
discovered in South Africa.*.In 1880, scientists discovered the
real cause of malaria is a unicellular parasite called
Plasmodium.Later Sir Ronald Ross in 1902 predicted that the
parasite is transmitted from person to person through the bite of a
female Anopheles mosquito, which requires blood to nature her
eggs.After lots of research scientists found four types of
plasmodium.Plasmodium FalciparumPlasmodium Vivax Plasmodium
OvalePlasmodium Malariae
Lets know moreSYMPTOMS OF MALARIA:Malaria symptoms appear about
9-14 days after the infectious mosquito bite, although this varies
with different Plasmodium species.Typically, malaria produces
fever, shivering, pain in the joints and headache. Once the
parasite is killed, the symptoms disappear.
WORKING OF PLASMODIUM:Plasmodium reproduces in two ways:Asexual
reproduction is done in human body(primary host)Sexual reproduction
in mosquito(secondary host)
#Plasmodium is a host specific #The female parasite enters the
human host when an infected Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal.
Inside the human host, it releases Sporozoite. Sporozoite evades
the immune system, infects the liver and produces Cryptosporozoite.
Then cryptosporozoite changes to cryptozoite and it will go to the
fourth stage Cryptomerozoite in the liver. Then after 17 days, the
cryptomerozoite comes out and attacks the RBC and new liver cells.
When cryptomerozoite attacks the RBC, Schizont is formed. It then
undergoes different stages like Cryptoshinzont and then Merozoit.
Then after 45 days, body temperature becomes 106F from 102F.
PREVENTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.1/5/2016COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES CAN BE PREVENTED BY APPROPRIATE MEASURES WHICH INCLUDE :
Good Site Planning.Provision Of Basic Clinical Services.Provision
For Appropriate Shelter.Clean Water Supply.Sanitation.Mass
Vaccination Against Specific Diseases.Regular And Sufficient Food
Supply.Control Of Vectors.#LALIT KUMAR
CLIPBOARD
#LALIT KUMAR
What Are Non-Communicable Diseases? Non-communicable disease
(NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or
non-transmissible. NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last
for long periods of time and progress slowly.These can not be
transmitted from one individual to other.These diseases are caused
by :Lack of certain essential substances in our diet, e.g.
proteins, vitamins, minerals (deficiency diseases).Uncontrolled
growth of tissues in body parts (cancer)Defects in the metabolic
functioning of body.Injury and damage to any part of the body by
accidents.
#LALIT KUMAR
How Non-communicable Diseases Caused?
Some Non-communicable Diseases#LALIT KUMAR
Lets know more:KWASHIORKOR:PROTEIN DEFICIENCY
DISEASEINTRODUCTION:Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition caused by
inadequate protein intake.It is also know as protein malnutrition;
Protein-calorie malnutrition; Malignant malnutrition.Severe
kwashiorkor may leave a child with permanent mental and physical
disabilities. There is good statistical evidence that malnutrition
early in life permanently decreases IQ.It occurs in the children
from one to five years.
Lets know more:KWASHIORKOR:PROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE
CAUSE OF KWASHIORKOR:Kwashiorkor occurs most commonly in areas
of famine, limited food supply, and low levels of education, which
can lead to inadequate knowledge of proper diet.
SYMTOMS :Early symptoms of any type of malnutrition are very
general and include fatigue, irritability, and lethargy. As protein
deprivation continues, growth failure, loss of muscle mass,
generalized swelling (edema), and decreased immunity occurs.A
large, protuberant belly is common. Skin conditions (such as
dermatitis, changes in pigmentation, thinning of hair, and
vitiligo) are seen frequently. Shock and coma precede death.
PREVENTION:Improving calorie and protein intake will correct
kwashiorkor, provided that treatment is not started too late.
However, full height and growth potential will never be achieved in
children who have had this condition.
Lets know more:KWASHIORKOR:PROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE
CAUSE OF KWASHIORKOR:Kwashiorkor occurs most commonly in areas
of famine, limited food supply, and low levels of education, which
can lead to inadequate knowledge of proper diet.
SYMTOMS :Early symptoms of any type of malnutrition are very
general and include fatigue, irritability, and lethargy. As protein
deprivation continues, growth failure, loss of muscle mass,
generalized swelling (edema), and decreased immunity occurs.A
large, protuberant belly is common. Skin conditions (such as
dermatitis, changes in pigmentation, thinning of hair, and
vitiligo) are seen frequently. Shock and coma precede death.
PREVENTION:Improving calorie and protein intake will correct
kwashiorkor, provided that treatment is not started too late.
However, full height and growth potential will never be achieved in
children who have had this condition.
Lets know more:GOITER:MINERAL DEFICIENCY DISEASE
INTRODUCTION:Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that
is NOT associated with inflammation or cancer.
CAUSE:It is caused by deficiency of thyroxin hormone.There are
different kinds of goiters. A simple goiter usually occurs when the
thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone to meet
the bodys requirements. The thyroid gland compensates by enlarging,
which usually overcomes mild deficiencies of thyroid
hormone.Hereditary factors may cause goiters.
RISK FACTORS:Risk factors for the development of a goiter
include female sex, age over 40 years, inadequate dietary intake of
iodine, residence in an endemic area, and a family history of
goiter.
SYMPTOMS:Thyroid enlargement varying from a single small nodule
to massive enlargement (neck lump).Breathing difficulties,cough,or
sneezing due to compression of the trachea.Swallowing difficulties
due to compression of the esophagus.Neck vein distention and
dizziness when the arms are raised above the head.
PREVENTION:The use of iodized table salt prevents endemic
goiter.
:SCURVY:VITAMIN DEFICIENCY DISEASEINTRODUCTION:Scurvy, also
called Vitamin C deficiency, is one of the most serious disease
affecting teenagers today.
CAUSE:It is caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic
acid), a nutrient found in many fresh fruits and vegetables,
particularly the citrus fruits. Ascorbic acid is important in the
formation of collagen (an element of normal tissues), and any
deficiency interferes with normal tissue synthesis.
SYMPTOMS:Scurvy is characterized by swollen and bleeding gums
with loosened teeth, soreness and stiffness of the joints and lower
extremities, bleeding under the skin and in deep tissues, slow
wound healing and anemia.
PREVENTION:In take of vitamin C in adequate amount in diet.
CLIPBOARD
CREDITSIDEA-Om Prakash GuptaPriti Laxmi GuptaAshutosh
PatraGUIDEANCE-Neeta KhandelwalPuja MaamRajendra ShahSaroj Kumar
NayakB Kamalakanta SahooDATA
SITES-www.wikipedia.comwww.science.comwww.google.comcommunicable-diseases
www.globalhealth.gov/global-health-topics/communicable-diseaseswww.globalhealth.gov/global-health-topics/non-communicable-diseases
DATA BOOKS-Fiitjee Class-IX Phase-III MaterialFiitjee Class-IX
CompendiumAkash Class-IX Biology MaterialSPECIAL THANKS-Neeta
Khandelwal B Kamalakanta SahooPriti PriyadarsiniRajiv SirSupriya
Mam
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING Have a nice day
