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Perchloroethyl ene (PCE) Presented by: Elizabeth Bemis, Holly Kingsbury, Emily Steen, Daniel Vigil, Petra Wolford

EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

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This is the PowerPoint presentation for a student group presentation exploring the occupational hazards of exposure to perchloroethylene (PCE).

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Page 1: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Perchloroethylene (PCE)

Presented by: Elizabeth Bemis, Holly Kingsbury, Emily Steen, Daniel Vigil, Petra Wolford

Holly Kingsbury
Hi all, did I send the right slides? These are not what I submitted for these section -- they look like the original slides. Should I update with the ones I created, or do we want to use these (for how people get exposed?)
Emily Steen
I will look at your slides. I wonder what happened.
Petra W
Holly- we can definitely add your slides ASAP!!
Petra W
I see your notes, but I do not see your slides in the Google Docs.Where are they located? I can fix this right away.
Petra W
I would rather have YOUR preferred slides-absolutely.
Emily Steen
To transition into the next slide, I want to introduce workplace exposure so that the transition is smooth. We don't necessarily need a slide for this, but I want to say something like this: "In this presentation, we will be addressing the occupational hazard of working with perc, since those who come into closest contact with it, are those who work with it. According to a survey conducted by NIOSH, more than 650,000 U.S. workers may be exposed to Perchloroethylene.
Petra W
That would be great. Verbal transitions are key, and it would work nicely into the next section.
Emily Steen
Ok. Sounds good. Thanks Petra
danielvigil2
I like that too
danielvigil2
formatting looks off here
Petra W
Is this better?
danielvigil2
yes, nice
Petra W
Thanks. Can you look at slide 8 again. Should I keep "delayed reaction time" or delete that part?
Page 2: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

What is Perc?

PerchloroethyleneTetrachloroethylene

PCE“Perc”

Cl2C=CCl2

danielvigil2
This really needs to include "Tetrachloroethylene"
Petra W
Done!
Page 3: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

PCE: PERC, Perchloroethylene

“A volatile organic compound (VOC)”

In 1985, worldwide production was about 1 million metric tons

(Rossberg 2006)

Widely used for dry cleaning and as a metal degreaser, in typewriter correction fluid, and shoe polish.

Small amounts are also retained by recently dry cleaned clothing

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Where Else Can it be Found?

•It is used as a “building block” for creating other chemicals.•Some consumer products may contain perc as well.

Page 5: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

But, What is It?

•A synthetic chemical that at room temperature is a nonflammable liquid.

•An organic solvent that easily dissolves organic material like oil and grease.

•It easily evaporates (volatile) and has a sharp and sweet odor, detectable in the air at a level of 1 ppm.

danielvigil2
could add (volatile) here after easily evaporates - it means easily evaporates
danielvigil2
It is also an organic solvent that easily dissolves organic material like oil and grease
Petra W
What do you guys think??
Emily Steen
Looks good. Thank you Daniel.
Page 6: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Occupational Exposure

PerchloroethyleneTetrachloroethylene

PCE“Perc”

Cl2C=CCl2

Page 7: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

How does a worker get exposed?

• Most likely exposure from the air we breathe

• Levels are usually several thousand times lower than what is found in dry cleaning facilities, industrial operations, and waste sites.

• Exposure can also occur from contaminated groundwater, soil, food, and certain consumer products

• Water repellants, spot removers, adhesives, and wood cleaners.

• Perc may stay in the air for several months and eventually settle into the soil and water because of precipitation

• For an average individual not living near businesses or waste sites that use or contain PCE, exposure is well below the maximum exposure limits provided by the EPA for workers.

• Individuals that work with PCE are at a greater risk for adverse health effects.

• According to NIOSH more than 650,000 U.S. workers may be exposed.

Page 8: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Occupational Exposure:Dry Cleaning

• We already know PCE can contaminate the air through evaporation from liquid solvent, contaminated water, or contaminated soil

• Dry cleaners are a significant site of occupational exposure via inhalation: • Risks from excessive inhalation as well

as spilling PCE solvent on exposed skin• Loading dirty clothes into the machine

(displacement of pre-contaminated air)• Removing clothes before the drying

cycle is finished• Transferring solvent-laden clothes

into the dryer• Cleaning and maintaining machines • Possible: Pressing freshly dry-cleaned

clothes

Page 9: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Safe Exposure Limits

Organization 8-hour time weighted average

Other limits

OSHA (mandatory) PEL: 100 PPM Ceiling: 200 ppm for 5 min in a 3 hour period

ACGIH (voluntary) TLV: 25 ppm STEL: 100 ppm

NIOSH Minimize workplace exposure concentrations

85% of the more than 35,000 dry cleaners in the United States use PCE as a solvent in the dry cleaning process.

Page 10: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Health Risks with Exposure

PerchloroethyleneTetrachloroethylene

PCE“Perc”

Cl2C=CCl2

Page 11: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

What Are The Risks Of Exposure?

Page 12: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Harm From Exposure: CancerEPA 2013: “likely to be carcinogenic to

humans”

Human Epi Studies

•Occupational exposure

•Increased risk of Bladder cancer, Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma

•Dose Response

Animal Studies

•Clear carcinogen

•Leukemia and liver cancer were caused in multiple studies

•Kidney, brain and testicular cancer also seen

Page 13: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Harm From Exposure: NeuroEPA 2013: “Neurotoxicity was supported by

considerable evidence...and at lower concentrations”

Human Epi Studies

•Occupational or Residential exposure

•Deficits in Visual Acuity and Memory, Cognitive Function, and Reaction Times

•Levels as low as 0.7ppm

Animal Studies

•Same effects seen

•Changes in the cerebellum, frontal cortex & hippocampus

•Brain DNA, RNA, protein and lipid composition altered

Page 14: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Harm From Exposure:What about me?

• Occupational exposure is in the range of 60ppm

• Apartments sharing a building with dry-cleaners ~0.7ppm

• Dry-cleaned clothes in a vehicle ranged from <0.1 to >3ppm

• Outdoor air near an industrial contamination site <0.001ppm

• PCE is highly concentrated in breast milk

Page 15: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

How Can PCE Be Cleaned/Reduced?

PerchloroethyleneTetrachloroethylene

PCE“Perc”

Cl2C=CCl2

Page 16: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

PCE and Surface Discharge

Page 17: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Underground Plumes in Colorado

• There are at least 86 underground plumes (from PERC) in Colorado!

• 350 Dry Cleaners are currently using PERC in Colorado alone. It is still legal to use.

Page 18: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Remediation Technologies

The first step is to find Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) and discover each PRP’s allocated portion (responsibility)

Plumes are massive, cover miles and involve numerous contributing sources.

Remediation is extremely expensive and involves years of litigation.

Page 19: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

What Policies Are In Place?

PerchloroethyleneTetrachloroethylene

PCE“Perc”

Cl2C=CCl2

Petra W
Any questions? my mobile is: (303) 547-7116
Page 20: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
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elizabethabemis
Petra,Could you add above Colorado Hazardous Waste Act "Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Division" and above Colorado Water Quality Control Act "Water Quality Control Division" Just like in the first bullet point.
Page 23: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

Conclusion

National and State regulations have helped in reducing harmful levels of PERC in the air.

Because of epidemiological studies we now know the harmful effects of PERC and can better protect workers and the public through remediation activities and air and water quality regulations.

Requirement of “no new PERC dry cleaning facilities” offers a promising end to the PERC dry cleaning story.

elizabethabemis
We can also state something else instead of this information on this final slide.
Emily Steen
Thanks for catching that. I think this looks great.
Emily Steen
Maybe we can switch the first and second sentences around. What do you guys think?
Petra W
It can read well either way.
Petra W
I like that ending...the "end" of the "story"...
Emily Steen
There are some typos on this slide and I tried to fix them, but could not.
Petra W
I will delete this Conclusions slide. Could you then import Elizabeth's Conclusions slide from the Google doc?
Petra W
Elizabeth added her slides 19-21 to the Google Docs. If you want to add slide 21, we can work off of that.
Petra W
If you can't get that last slide in, let me know.
Petra W
Hang on...
Emily Steen
Sorry I didn't respond right away. It looks great.
Petra W
This should be easy to edit/change now
elizabethabemis
Looks great! Thank you!
elizabethabemis
This Slide needs to be formatted to fix the wrongly placed capitol letters I just threw this slide in because I noticed no one was assigned the conclusion for our presentation. Will this fall under my portion?
Page 24: EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint

References• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (1997). "Toxicological Profile For Tetrachloroethylene". Atlanta, GA, p.

174. Retrieved 2012-09-16. citing C&EN, 1994, Facts and Figures for the Chemical Industry, Chemical and Engineering News, July 4, 1994.

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (1997). Public health statement: tetrachloroethylene. CAS#: 127-17-4. Available at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp18-c1-b.pdf. Accessed April 3, 2014.

• Environmental Protection Agency (2011). Removal of “Perc’ Pollution Begins at Former Cleaners http://www.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/sandies/pdf/sandies_fs_09212011.pdf

• Environmental Protection Agency. (2012). Toxicological Review of Tetrachloroethylene (CAS No. 127-18-4).• Ferroni C, et.al. (1992). Neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine effects of occupational exposure to perchloroethylene,

Neurotoxicology, 13:243-247.• Gold, Laura S. et.al. (2011). The Relationship between Multiple Myeloma and Occupational Exposure to Six Chlorinated

Solvents; Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 68(6): 391-399.• Henshaw, S. (2013). Enviroforensics.com When Contaminated Groundwater Plumes Run Together, How is the Cost of

Cleanup Divided? Available at: http://www.enviroforensics.com/commingled-plumes-who-is-responsible-for-the-cleanup/ • National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Human Health Effects of

Tetrachloroethylene: Key Findings and Scientific Issues. Available at: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1307359/#tab2.• NIOSH. (1994b). NIOSH manual of analytical methods. Third edition. Second supplement. Cincinnati, OH: NIOSH, U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH method no. 1003.

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2005). Reducing worker exposure to perchloroethylene (perc) in dry cleaning. Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dsg/guidance/perc.html. Accessed April 3, 2014.

• Rossberg, M., et al. (2006). “Chlorinated Hydrocarbons” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2

• Seidler, A., et. al. (2007). Solvent exposure and malignant lymphoma: a population-based case-control study in Germany; Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2:2.

• Stevens, Y., and Eisenmann, C. (1997). Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. Retrieved from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp18.pdf.

• Tetracholorethylene (2006) Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 68. Available at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad68.pdf.