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Dietary Diversityand

Implementing Biofortification

Howarth Bouis

September 23-25, 2013

What is the Primary Function of Agriculture?

• To Earn Income (Poverty Reduction)• To Eat Food

– Enjoyment, culture

– Avoid Hunger (Energy → Protein)

– To Be Healthy• Vitamins• Minerals• Other essential compounds

ENERGY INTAKES FOR A RURAL PHILIPPINE POPULATION

(calories per adult equivalent per day)

Food CategoryPoorest

20%Richest

20%Rice and Corn 1771 1798All Other Foods 337 777TOTAL 2108 2575

IRON INTAKES FOR A RURAL PHILIPPINE POPULATION

(milligrams per day per adult equivalent)

Food Category

Poorest20%

Richest 20%

Rice 0.53 2.14 Corn 2.31 0.97 Other Staples 0.68 1.24 Meat, Fish 1.17 3.66 Vegetables 1.16 1.35 Other Foods 0.80 0.91 TOTAL 6.64 10.27

0

50

100

150

200

250In

dia

Pak

ista

n

Ban

glad

esh

Dev

elop

ing

Indi

a

Pak

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Ban

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Dev

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Wor

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ing

Percent Changes in Cereal and Pulse Production and in Population Between 1965 and 1999

Cereals Pulses Population

Indices of Inflation-adjusted Prices for Bangladesh 1973-75 = 100

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

1973-75 1979-81 1988-90 1994-96

Staple

Non-StaplePlants

Fish &Animal

Share of Energy Source and Food Budget in Rural Bangladesh

Non-Staple plants

Fish and Meat

Energy Source Food Budget

Staple foods

Cereal Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

Milk Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages

100,0

110,0

120,0

130,0

140,0

150,0

160,0

90

110

130

150

170

19070-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Pulses

Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years

90

110

130

150

170

19070-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Vegetables

Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years

90

110

130

150

170

19070-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Fruits

Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years

90

110

130

150

170

19070-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Eggs, Meat& Fish

Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years

90

110

130

150

170

19070-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Eggs, Meat & Fish

Pulses

Vegetables

Fruits

Non-Staple Food Prices in India Have Risen by 50% Over 30 Years

100,0

110,0

120,0

130,0

140,0

150,0

160,0

70-7

3

73-7

6

76-7

9

79-8

2

82-8

5

85-8

8

88-9

1

91-9

4

94-9

7

97-0

0

00-0

3

03-0

6

06-0

9

09-1

0

Cereals

All Food

Cereal and Food Price Indices for India, Three Year Averages

Share ofFood Budget

Share of Total Expenditures

Rural Bangladesh

Staples

Non-StaplePlants

Fish andAnimal

Non-Food

Staples

After

50% Increase in All Food Prices

Animal Staples

Non-Food

Staples

Non-Food

Before Share of Total Expenditures

Only 5% of Philippine women then would have adequate iron intakes, down from

30% having adequate iron intakes

Supplementation Commercial Fortification

Agricultural Approaches

Dietary Diversity(higher incomes; education)

Cost-effective: central one time investment

Photo: ICRISAT

75% of the poor 25%

#1 Can Breeding increase nutrient to levels that improve nutrition?

Photo: Wolfgang Pfeiffer

20112

Cassava

Vitamin A

Nigeria

DR Congo

Beans

Iron (Zinc)

Rwanda

DR Congo

Maize

Vitamin A

Zambia

2012 2012

Crops for Africa & Release Dates

Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

Pearl Millet

Iron (Zinc)

India

Rice

Zinc

Bangladesh

India

Wheat

Zinc

India

Pakistan

Crops for Asia & Release Dates

20122 2013220132

Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

#2 Are extra nutrients bioavailable at sufficient

levels to improve micronutrient status?

Efficacy Trial PipelineCrop Country Nutrient Notes Status

1. Sweetpotato South Africa Vitamin A School children Published

2. Rice Philippines Iron Women Published

3. Bean Mexico Iron School children Conference presentation

4. Pearl Millet India Iron School children Conference presentation

5. Cassava Kenya Vitamin A School children Data analysis ongoing

6. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Serum retinol Data analysis ongoing

7. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Liver stores Data analysis ongoing

8. Bean Rwanda Iron Women Data analysis ongoing

9. Maize Zambia Vitamin A Breast milk In field

10. Wheat India Zinc Women & infants Crop produced

11. Wheat India Zinc School children Crop produced

12. Cassava Nigeria Vitamin A Children 5+ years Crop being grown

13. Pearl Millet India Zinc Children under 2yr Crop being grown

14. Rice Bangladesh Zinc Children under 5yr Planning stages

Harvest of Orange Maize for Nutrition Efficacy Trial

#3 Will Farmers adopt crops and consumers buy & eat these?

Photos: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

2007-092

Pilot Delivery (highly evaluated) ...

Orange Sweet

Potato (OSP)

Vitamin A

Mozambique

Uganda

24,000 Households reached

Up to 68% of project HHs adopted OSP.

Up to 47% increase in share of OSP in total sweet potato area.

Up to a 100% increase in vitamin A intakes for infants, children and women.

24,000 Households reached

Up to 68% of project HHs adopted OSP.

Up to 47% increase in share of OSP in total sweet potato area.

Up to a 100% increase in vitamin A intakes for infants, children and women.

Impact on vitamin A intakes

Numbers of Farm Households Testing/GrowingBiofortified Crops in H+ Target Countries (‘000)

Crop Country Nutrient End of 2013 End of 2018

Maize Zambia Vitamin A 90 500

Nigeria 0 3,200

Cassava Nigeria Vitamin A 50 2,000

DR Congo 25 750

Sweetpotato Uganda Vitamin A 75 275

Beans Rwanda Iron 275 1,800

DR Congo 175 500

Pearl Millet India Iron 250 750

Wheat India Zinc 1 750

Pakistan 0 250

Rice Bangladesh Zinc 1 1,000

India 0 500

Total 942 12,275

What is the Way Forward?

Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)

Scale up Delivery in Target Countries

• 10 target countries

• Develop specific deployment strategies

• Establish in-country staff/office

• Establish networks of collaborators and

stakeholders

• New releases from breeding pipeline

• Measure cost-effective impact

Challenges for Phase 3 (2014-18)

Mainstream Breeding

• Make breeding for minerals and vitamins

“core” breeding objectives at CGIAR Centers

and NARS

– Develop markers

– Lower costs of breeding

– All elite breeding lines should have the relevant

genes that convey the high mineral and vitamin

traits; any cross will contain these genes

Additional Efficacy Evidence

• 1,000 Days – mothers pre-pregnancy and infants

Expansion Countries (2014-18)

• Work to mainstream biofortified crops into

partner institution operations

– Seed companies, especially hybrids (maize, pearl

millet)

– Food companies

– International NGOs

– United Nations, e.g. WFP’s Purchase-for-Progress

– World Bank loans

Why have solutions to malnutrition been sought outside of agriculture?

Photo: Neil Palmer (CIAT)

In Conclusion …“Such intimately related subjects as agriculture, food, nutrition and health have become split up into innumerable rigid and self-contained little units, each in the hands of some group of specialists. The experts, …soon find themselves…learning more and more about less and less…The remedy is to look at the whole field covered by crop production, animal husbandry, food, nutrition, and health as one related subject and…to realize…that the birthright of every crop, every animal, and every human being is health.”

"

Sir Albert Howard, 1873-1947

“The Soil and Health,” 1945