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By
Farshid Mokhberi
Shahid Beheshti University Of Medical Sciences and Health Service
OverviewEvolution of PrimatesEvolution of HominidsFocus on HomoHuman VariationHumans as a selective agent
Early Primates
Prosimians (~58mya)Monkeys (35mya)Apes (23mya)Hominids (~6mya)
First Arboreal MammalsThe first arboreal mammals probably
resembled shrews:long snouts.Good sense of smell.Probably nocturnal.Very active.CLAWS
First Arboreal Mammals
EosimiasThe First Primate?
TarsiersTarsiersLemursLemurs
LorisPottos
ProsimiansProsimians
Primate CharacteristicsWhat is the major selective
pressure associated with life in the trees?
How are primates adapted to this life?
Binocular Color Vision
Mobile LimbsMost primates have flat nails as well as sensitive pads
on the undersides of fingers and toes.Many also have both an opposable big toe and thumb.
Mobile limbs and clawless opposable digits allow primates to freely grasp and release tree limbs.
Other important featuresUpright posture. Small litter size. Expanded forebrain, larger brain
capacity.
Two main groups of primates:
1. Prosimians – lemurs, lorises, pottos & tarsiers
2. Anthropoids – monkeys, apes and man
TarsiersTarsiersLemursLemurs
LorisPottos
ProsimiansProsimians
ANTHROPOIDS2. Anthropoids = monkeys + apes + man2. Anthropoids = monkeys + apes + man
a.a. Monkeys:Monkeys:
• Old world monkeysOld world monkeys
• New world monkeysNew world monkeys
New World Monkey:
Flat face
Wide nostrils
Prehensile tail
Old World Monkey:
Long snout
Close nostrils
Non-prehensile tail
Taxonomy Anthropoids= Hominoids +
monkeysHominoids= Asian and African
Apes + HominidsHominids= Humans
Proconsul- Ancestor to Hominoids?
A skull of Proconsul africanus from the Kenya National Museum.
Selective pressures
East Africa Rift Valley
Skull Comparisons:
Hominids:Bipedal primates.
To be Human standard primate characteristics upright, bipedal posture much expanded brain well defined sexual dimorphism hidden estrus altered female sexual response extended childhood language society culture
Map of Australopithecus sites in Africa, with a focus on the East African rift valley and limestone caves of South Africa.
““LucyLucy” ” Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus afarensis
An Example of Mosaic Evolution
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. boisei
A. robustus
Australopithecus africanus
2.8 million years agoCranial capacity 460 cc
Homo habilis
Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago.
Brain~600cc
“Handy Man”
Olduwan tools
Speech?
Homo erectus“Upright Man”Larger brain than H. habilisMigratedAcheulean toolsMore advanced culture?
Homo erectus
Homo erectus
NeanderthalsNeanderthal (H. neanderthalensis) skeletons were
first discovered in Germany’s Neander Valley.Skeletons date back 200,000 years.
Neanderthal Culture
Neanderthal Man
Homo floresiensis – Nature, Oct. 28, 2004
Nature
Oct 28, 2004
Science, Nov 19, 2004
Homo sapiensArchaic – 100,000 to
35,000 years BPSometimes called Homo
sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Modern – 35,000 years BP to presentAnatomically modernSometimes called Homo
sapiens sapiens
Cro-MagnonsOldest fossils to be designated H. sapiens.Modern humans who entered Asia and Europe from
Africa 100,000 years ago.
Aurignacian tools.Accomplished hunters.Language.
Cro-Magnon Man Cro-Magnon Cro-Magnon
humanshumans 1,600 cc cranial 1,600 cc cranial
capacitycapacity NotNot a different a different
species, just old species, just old Homo sapiensHomo sapiens from Europefrom Europe
Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man
Archaic H. sapiens Culture ArtArt
Female figurinesFemale figurines 27,000 to 22,000 27,000 to 22,000
years agoyears ago Called “venuses,”Called “venuses,”
Archaic H. sapiens Culture
Human VariationResponses to the environment:• Bergmann’s Rule
• Allen’s Rule
Common ancestor
Homo sapiens
Modern apes
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis