1 Country Type of policy Ex of measures Result Long-Term Consequences CHINA “One- Child” Anti-natalist (very strict) • Goal = 1 child/woman • Marriage: higher legal age, easier divorce • Birth control easy/free • Incentives for one-child families • Punishments for 2+ children • Exceptions allowed in villages (2+) Huge success CBR: 37 (1960) 21 (1988) 13 (2010) • Population expected to stabilize around 1.3 billion (2030) • Unbalanced sex ratio • Spoiled single children (“little emperors”) • Rapid aging NIGERIA Anti-natalist (voluntary basis) • Goal = 4 children/woman • Campaigns to promote family planning and contraception • Age of marriage: 18 (girls) • Elimination of legal discrimination against women (employment, education) Little success CBR: 46 (1975) 43 (2010) • Population explosion from 33M (1950) to 150M (2010)! SINGAPORE Anti-natalist Then Pro-natalist • The anti-natalist policy (“Stop at 2”) of the 1960s-70s was so successful (TFR = 1.4 in 1987) that it lead to a reversal -> pro-natalist policy • “Love cruises” organized • Targets primarily educated/rich people Sharp decline in TFR until 1987, slow increase since • TFR still below replacement rate today • Rapid aging INDIA Anti-natalist • Goal = 2 children/woman • Sterilization encouraged in 1970s (-> abuse) • Contraception encouraged • Information campaigns Modest success (except in Kerala) CBR: • India has reached 1B people, and expected to surpass China in 2030 • Increasing regional and social differences (ex:

II. Government responses

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Country Type of policy Ex of measures Result Long-Term Consequences

CHINA“One-Child”

Anti-natalist(very strict)

• Goal = 1 child/woman• Marriage: higher legal age, easier divorce• Birth control easy/free• Incentives for one-child families• Punishments for 2+ children• Exceptions allowed in villages (2+)

Huge successCBR:37 (1960)21 (1988)13 (2010)

• Population expected to stabilize around 1.3 billion (2030)

• Unbalanced sex ratio• Spoiled single children (“little

emperors”)• Rapid aging

NIGERIA Anti-natalist (voluntary basis)

• Goal = 4 children/woman• Campaigns to promote family planning and

contraception• Age of marriage: 18 (girls)• Elimination of legal discrimination against

women (employment, education)

Little successCBR:46 (1975)43 (2010)

• Population explosion from 33M (1950) to 150M (2010)!

SINGAPOREAnti-natalist

ThenPro-natalist

• The anti-natalist policy (“Stop at 2”) of the 1960s-70s was so successful (TFR = 1.4 in 1987) that it lead to a reversal -> pro-natalist policy

• “Love cruises” organized• Targets primarily educated/rich people

Sharp decline in TFR until 1987, slow increase since

• TFR still below replacement rate today

• Rapid aging

INDIA Anti-natalist(lenient)

• Goal = 2 children/woman• Sterilization encouraged in 1970s (-> abuse)• Contraception encouraged• Information campaigns• Kerala: emphasis on rural female education

and gender equality -> huge success

Modest success (except in Kerala)CBR:38 (1975)29 (1995)24 (2010)

• India has reached 1B people, and expected to surpass China in 2030

• Increasing regional and social differences (ex: Kerala vs Utta Pradesh)

USANo formal

population policy except migration

laws

• Goal = respect individual freedom• 1970: “National Family Planning” created in

1970 to provide services for teenagers• Birth control/abortion still debate in some

conservative states

Low TFR but immigration

• TFR has increased slightly in the last 20 years, but mainly due to the influx of young immigrants