DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITES

Prof.Hamed Attia

1-Etiology:A- Main Causes: 1.Internal Parasities

I-Tremadodes :( Fascioliasis and

Paramphistomiasis)

II-Nematodes

(:Ascaris- Lung worm- Parasitic gastritis-

Parasitic enteritis)

III- Cestodes: (Monieziasisis- Avitellina

2.External Parasities( Ticks- Lice - Mites)

2.External Parasities:

Ticks

Lice

Mites

B-Predisposing factors:

Nutrition:--1

A) Poorly fed animals are more

susceptible because their

failure to throw off infestation

quickly.

Ex.:

In calves lung worm.

B) A dietary deficiency of a

specific nutrient such as:

cobalt, copper, phosphorus led

to reduction of animal’s

resistance

C) Anemia.

D) Poor growth .

:Housing management-3

Fecal contamination of feed.

Crowding.

Insufficient bedding .

Inadequate nutrition.

II-Pathological Damage

of the parasite on the Host:

I-Mechanical Damage:

•Destroy tissue and causing wounds

ulcers and bleeding.

• as:

• in Haemonchus contortus (Stomach)

•Paramphistomum Cervix

• Immature rumen flukes in the small

intestine .

.

2- Obstruction.may occur in the

small airways of

lungs infected by:

Dictyocaulus spp.

2-Ascaris

.

3- Pressure:on the liver or lungs from:

Echinococcus granulosus hydatid

cysts.

Tissue under excessive pressure is

not well nourished with blood and

may become inactive.

III-Depletion of the animal:

Parasites absorb food that the

host has already ingested for

its own use.

(tapeworms Moniezia expansa

IV-Allergic reaction:

-Chemical components of parasites

are foreign to the host and can

cause allergic reactions Dictyocalus

-Bunostomum

● Acute, subacut or chronic snail-born disease

● Affecte liver and bile ducts of herbiverous

mammals and man

● Caused by Fasciola Spp

● Characterized by sudden death in acute form

bottle-jaw

paller of mucosa

shedding of hair or wool

chronic

form

Sep. 05 AB

1-Fascioliasis

~8 weeks

in snail to

release of

infective

fluke

~12 weeks

from infection

to adult fluke

(G) Life Cycle:

(a) Clinical findings (1)

i- Acute fascioliasis

This is a more common occurance in

sheep and goats and less commonly

found in cattle.

1- Sudden death without any clinical signs

2- If the disease observed, there are:

- Dullness, weakness & anorexia

- Recumbancy & subnormal temperature

- Pain on palpation on the liver

- Death occurs rapidaly & may be accompanied

with passage of blood-stained discharges from

nostril & anusSep. 05 AB

(a) Clinical findings (2)

Sep. 05 AB

This is a more common occurance in

sheep and goats and less commonly

found in cattle.

1- Loss of weight

2- Paller of mucous membrane

3- Submandibular oedema seen only on few cases

ii- Subacute fascioliasis

(a) Clinical findings (3)

iii- Chronic fascioliasis

This is a more common occurance

in cattle and less commonly found

in sheep and goats

1- Loss of weight

2- Pallor of mucosae

3- Bottle-jaw

4- Sheeding of wool may occur

5- Some die after 2-3 m & other

survive with emaciation

Sep. 05 AB

In sheep:

2

3

III-Control::Nutrition)1

Good nutrition status and

freedom specific nutritional

deficiencies increase the

resistance of live stock to the

effects of helminth parasites.

:Housing management-2Avoid over crowding.

Remove manure frequently, provide

plenty of bedding.

Feed and water should be high enough

off the floor to avoid fecal contamination

Maintain the plan of nutrition .

Avoid moving of animals from area free

from internal parasites to area heavy

infested with parasites.

4) protective treatment :*Protective dosing with

anthelminthics prevent infestation

against clinical or subclinical

parasitic disease.

A-Indication:

1-treatment for individual animal

exhibiting clinical signs.

How can you choose anthelmintic

1 - Mode of action, spectrum of

activity,

2 - Duration of effect and its efficacy

(i.e. kill adult or larvae, suppress the

parasitic egg production, or promote

the expulsion of worm from GIT.

3-The frequency of treatment .

The ideal anthelmintic has the

following properties:(a)A broad spectrum activity against adult

and larval helminth parasites.

(b)A rapid metabolism in the body.

(c)A low toxicity in the target species.

(d)No side-effects to the animal.

Administration

of

Anthelmintics:

1-Dosing by mouth

The majority of anthelmintics are given by

mouth as:

liquid preparations

pastes

boluses

tablets

2-Dosing by injection

The size of needles

the site of injection

Control

3- Seasonal treatment:-

* Timed by seasonal transmission

factor can reduce the number of

treatment but may fail if

environmental factors changed.

8. Drugs used for treatment of :

internal and external parasites.

In sheep and goats 1 tablet/ 25 kg per os Immature and adult Fasciola

Spp.

Cattle 14/50, sheep 2/10 as drench

)Pharma-Swead(

Tape, round and lung worm, and adult liver fluke

Albendazole

1 g / 10 kg Bwt. orally)Pfizer(

Gastro-intestinal nematodes Banminth

1 ml/ 5 kg per os)Upjohn(

Parasitic gastroenteritis, lung worm and tape worm

Tyvert

3 ml /10 kg orally)ADWIA(

Fascioliasis, and all type of nematodes .

Thibendazole and Rafoxanide mixture

12.5 ml /100 kg orally(ADWIA(

Fascioliasis, wire worms and oestrus ovis .

Rafoxanide Suspension

1 ml/a50 kg S/C)Bio trading(

Internal and external parasites.

Genesis)

7 ml / 100 kg Bwt. S/C in different area in the neck

)Byer(

Gastro-intestinal nematodes and lung worm

Citarine

1 ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C)Cid(

Liver fluke Fasciolid

1 ml / 25 kg Bwt. S/C(MSD)

Liver fluke and round worms.Ranide

cattle and sheep 0.5 ml / 10 kg Bwt. S/C & I/M.

(NVESA(

Immature and mature fascioliasis and GIT

nematodes

Rolenol

1 ml /25 kg S/C)ADWIA(

Fascioliasis, round worms and oestrus ovis .

Rafoxanide 7.5%

1 ml/25 kg S/C(RHONE MERIEUX)

Fascioliasis, gastro-intestinal parasites and oestrus ovis.

Dovenix

Dose, route of adminstration & company

IndicationDrug & active

principle

Fasinex 250

Dose, route of adminstration & company

IndicationDrugs & active principle

5ml/15 kg oral drench)Pharma-Swead(

Broad spect. Anthelmentics against round worm of GIT,

Lung of cattle, sheep and goat.

Levamisole

15ml/100 kg Bwtparamphist. 40 ml/100 kg

)Schering-plough(

GIT Nematodes, Cestodes, fasciola hepatica &

Paramphistomum

Hapadex

4 ml / 10 kg Bwt orallyfor GIT nematodes & adult

fascioliasis ) Pfizer(

GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola

Valbazine sus(Albendazole)

1 TABLET / 80 kg Bwt orally(Pfizer)GIT Nematodes, round, tape worms and Fasciola

Valbazine tabAlbendazole))

40g / 100 kg Bwt. orally ( Uccma)Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses

Piperazinecitrate 50%

10g / 100 kg Bwt. orally)ADWIA(

Ascaridia and oxyuris in cattle and horses

PiperazineDHC 52%

Cattle, sheep & dog 1 tablet / 10 kg Bwt. orally

(Byer(

Taenia spp. and paramphistomum.

Yomesan)Niclozamid(

Past syring / 600 kg Bwt. on the base of the tongue)MSD Agvet(

Internal parasites of horse Equvalan)Ivermectin(