BONESH/W = 1)Draw out a long bone, and label the parts

2) What role does this do in the long bone? A) Cartilage b) red marrow c) the periosteum

3) Why do we need calcium in our diet?

4) What is ossification?

Introduction How tall will you be? Will you be petit or will you have

thick, heavy bones? As we have already mentioned in the

previous chapter, bone/body size is an important factor in high-level sports

Bones do not stop growing until you are in your twenties.

The composition of a typical adult long bone

The composition of a typical adult long bone

Cartilage – Compact bone – Marrow cavity – Periosteum – Spongy bone –

Key revision points Epiphysis Diaphysis Cartilage Compact bone Marrow cavity Periosteum Spongy bone

Objectives Name and locate the main bones of

the human body Examine the main functions of the

skeleton Understand the types of bones

located in your skeleton

Introduction Without your skeleton you

would be a shapeless sack of flesh

The skeleton has 206 bones The bones are held together

at joints by ligaments Each arm & leg has three

long bones Male and female skeletons

are slightly different:

The functions of the skeleton

1. Support – frame work to keep body shape

2. Protection – cranium protects the brain, ribs protect your heart & lungs

3. Movement – muscles are attached to bones, when muscles contract the bones move

4. Blood production – some bones have red bone marrow, this makes red cells, white cells & platelets for blood

The four types of bones in your skeleton Long bones –Long bones –

Short bones –Short bones –

Flat bones – Flat bones –

Irregular bones – Irregular bones –

Recap Know and be able

to locate the main bones

Understand the the four functions of the skeleton

Understand the four different shaped bones in relation the their function

The vertebral column

H/W= H/W=

Introduction

How many pieces are there?

Keep saying the numbers to a beat: 7 12 5 5 4

TASK: Create your own rhyme to remember the order.

Cute Cervical Neck 7

Teddies Thoracic

Attached to ribs

12

Love Lumbar Lower back

5

Some Sacrum pelvis 5

Cuddles

Coccyx Tail remains

4

Parts of a vertebra

Atlas and axis

Taska. How do we warm up our neck

joint before physical activity?b. What is the job/function of

each?

Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities

The shape of the spine is fairly thin for the weight it is expected to carry and support.

Additional activity where we have to lift or carry can be dangerous.

If we break our spine we will damage our spinal cord.

This can result in paralysis or death.

Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities

Look at the shape of the neck.

It is particularly vulnerable to injury.

Lower down, the spine is supported by ribs and it becomes thicker.

Task

1. Copy the table below and add 2 neck-related examples of your own.

Sport incident Possible result

Rugby Collapsed scrum

Body weight lands on your neck at a band angle and breaks it

Why the spine is regarded as weak for some activities Look at the movement of the back it looks

very flexible

….but in fact it’s not!

Look at the movement of the back it looks very flexible

Between each vertebra you have a disc of cartilage.

When we bend there is a small amount of movement between each one.

Many vertebrae means there is a lot of movement.

Task

1. When we play golf, the spine seems to move a lot. How can this be?

Look at the movement of the back it looks very flexible

If you lift something badly or bend over or twist unexpectedly you can tear or strain the ligaments holding the vertebrae.

This is called a ‘slipped disc’.

Task

1. List four functions of the skeleton.

2. Using these four functions, explain how the vertebrae help fulfil those functions.

Different kinds of jointsHW=HW= Find a picture of Find a picture of a fixed, slightly a fixed, slightly moveable, and freely moveable, and freely moveable joint.moveable joint.

Give a description of Give a description of how they work and how they work and their main function.their main function.

Learning objectives What is a joint and what

function does it perform. Learn about the various

types of joints found in the human body.

Discover the damage that can be caused at joints.

Introduction Your skeleton is made up

of 206 bones. Joints are where two,

or more, bones meet. They are divided up into

three types depending on how freely the bones can move.

If we did not have joints no movement would occur.

Task

1. What is a joint?2. Why do we have joints?

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/anatomy

Fixed or immovable joints Bone’s at an immovable joint

can’t move at all. They either interlock or

overlap. A good example is the joints

between the plates of the cranium.

Fused joints in the sacrum are another good example.

We have this type of joint in areas requiring great strength.

Task1. What are the four functions of the

skeleton and briefly describe how it does these?

This ensures that our vital organs are kept safe from bumps and knocks

Supports

Produces

This allows us to contract and relax at each joint in the body

Slightly movable joints These bones at a slightly movable joint

can move only a little. They are held together by strong white

cords or straps called ‘ligaments’ and joined by cartilage.

Cartilage is a gristly cushion and stops the bone from knocking together.

Joints between most of your vertebrae are slightly moveable.

The pads of cartilage between them act as a shock absorber so the bones won’t jar when you run or jump.

Task

1. Go to: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton

See if you can place all ten bones in their correct locations. Use the hint button to get a description of where it can be found.

Freely moveable joints Outer sleeve is called the joint capsule.

• It holds bones together & protects joint.• It is an extension of the skin or

periosteum that covers the bone. A synovial membrane.

• Lines the capsule and oozes a slippery liquid called synovial fluid.

A joint cavity.• A small gap between the bones.• Filled with synovial fluid.• Lubricates the joint so the joint moves

more freely. A covering of smooth slippery cartilage at the end

of the bones.• Stops the bones knocking together.

Ligaments which hold the bones together.• Freely moveable joints are also called

synovial joints.

Knee joint from the side

Task1. In your own words, write a description of the following

synovial joints and get one example of each in the body.

• Gliding –

• Hinge –

• Pivot –

• Ball and socket –

• Ellipsoid –

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/anatomy/jointsrev4.shtmlUse slides 44 onwards for help

Joints and injury Impact

Severe contact, e.g. falling from a horse onto your shoulder, could cause dislocation. This is where a bone is pulled out of its normal position. Causing tearing of the ligaments (sprain) and tendons.

Wear and tear Exercise of a joint or unusual

use of it could cause cartilage to be worn away. Joint could swell causing it to stiffen.in older people it could cause arthritis. This makes the joint stiff and swollen.

Task

1. Give your own example of an impact injury

2. And a sporting example of wear and tear

Task

1. What parts make a synovial joint a) strong and stable b) help it move easily.

Synovial joints

Learning objectives Examine four of our major synovial joints

of the body. Appreciate the structure of each of these

synovial joints, both diagrammatically and physiologically.

Learn about the directions of movement. Understand examples of sporting

activities where these joints are used.

Introduction

Most joints are freely moveable. They allow different movement, depending on the

shape of the bones at the joint. The shoulder, hip and ankle are susceptible to injury

due to the amount of movement possible at them

Ball-and-socket joint Most moveable joint in the

body. One bone has a bulge like

a a ball at the end. This fits into a socket in the

other bone. It can turn in many

directions.

Examples• The hip joint• The shoulder joint

task

1. Why do you think it is difficult to dislocate a ball-and socket joint?

2. In what joint do you think a cricket bowler would be want to be very flexible?

The hinge joint This works like a hinge

on a door. The bone can swing

backwards and forward. The end of one bone is

shaped like a cotton reel.

It fits into the hollow of the other.

The joint will open until it is straight and no further.

Examples

• The elbow joint

• The knee joint

The pivot joint One bone has a bit

that juts out, like a peg or ridge.

This fits into a ring or notch on the other bone.

The joint only allows rotation

Examples

• The joint between the atlas and axis.

• The joint between the radius and ulna.

The gliding joint Here the end of the

bones are flat enough to glide over.

There is little movement in all directions.

Of all synovial joints this gives the least movement.

Examples

• Joints between the carpals (hand) and tarsals (foot).

• Joints between most of the vertebrae.

Cartilage

Cartilage stops bones knocking together. It is a gristly cushion between the bones at

slightly moveable joints. It forms a smooth slippery coat on the ends of

bones at synovial joints

Ligaments Ligaments are strong cords and straps that

lash bones together and hold joints in place. They are a bit elastic-enough to let the bones

move.

Tendons

Tendons are the cords and straps that join muscle to bone.

The best known joins our calf muscle to our heel and is called the Achilles tendon.

Achilles, the Heel

• Achilles was the son of Thetis and Peleus, the bravest hero in the Trojan war, according to Greek mythology.

• When Achilles was born, his mother, Thetis, tried to make him immortal

by dipping him in the river Styx. As she immersed him, she held him by one heel and forgot to dip him a second time so the heel she held could get wet too. Therefore, the place where she held him remained untouched by the magic water of the Styx and that part stayed mortal or vulnerable.

• To this day, any weak point is called an “Achilles’ heel”. We also refer to the strong tendon that connects the muscles of the calf of the leg with the heel bone as the “Achilles’ tendon”.

• Although the above rendition of the Achilles’ story is in current vogue, Michael Macrone, in his It’s Greek to Me, tells us that Achilles didn’t always have a vulnerable heel. Oh yes, he had a weak spot, but according to the original story about Achilles, Homer, in the Iliad, said it was his pride. Later versions indicate his weakness was his love for the Trojan princess Polyxena. In his Metamorphoses, Ovid suggested that

Achilles had a vulnerable spot on his body; but the Roman poet, Statius (c. A.D. 45-96), was the first to imply in a poem that it was his heel.

Joints and movement: a summary

TYPE OF JOINT MOVEMENT ALLOWED

Ball-and-socket Flexion and extensionAbduction and adduction

Hinge Flexion and extension

Pivot Only rotation

gliding A little movement in all directions (no bending or circular motions)

Key revision points You need to know the four different

synovial joints (ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot and gliding joint).

Understand the differences of each and the movements that occur at those joints.

Again, understand the role of cartilage, ligaments and tendons.

Movement

Learning objectives Be able to analyse three different

planes of movement. Give clear examples of each

movement

Flexion and extension Extension means

straightening a part of the body to its normal position.

Flexion means bending it. (Flexion is nearly always Forward.)

When you stand straight like this, your arms, legs, head, hands and

feet are extended to their normal

position.

Here the right arm is bent or flexed at the elbow joint. The left leg is flexed at

the knee joint.

When you run you

repeatedly flex and extend

your hip, knee, ankle,

elbow and shoulder

joints.

Task

1. Sit straight in your chair, elbows by your sides, hands flat on your knees, feet flat on the floor.

a) Which joints are flexed?b) Name two joints that are extended?

More examples

I have found a number of other examples of flexion.

Also, you are able to ‘hyperextend’ joints.

Abduction and adduction

Imagine a line drawn down the centre of your

body. Abduction is a sideways movement of a limb, out from the centre

line.

Adduction is the sideways movement, like this, towards and

even across the centre line. (Adduction is

towards the middle!)

This karate kick is an example of abduction.

Can you think of another example from tennis? Or

gymnastics?

Task

1. Stand up and show me an example of

a) Adductionb) Abduction

2. In swimming front crawl what movements occur at your hips?

3. In breast stroke what movements occur at your hips?

Rotation and circumduction

Rotation is a turning movement around an imaginary line, like a

wheel turning on its axis. Turning your head is an

example.

This backwards walkover is another example. The girls body is rotating like a wheel on an imaginary

axis.

In circumduction, the end of the bone moves

in a circle. Swinging your arms in a circle is an

example. Bowlers do it!

Joints, flexibility & health All movements require a degree of flexibility. Risk of injury is lessened if we make our joints more

flexible and strong. The things you need to increase flexibility are:

• A good diet• Regular exercise• Regular flexibility work

A lack of exercise leads to a decrease in flexibility. This is a big problem for the elderly who find it difficult to

do everyday tasks, e.g. turning a steering wheel & picking up shopping.

Gentle exercise will remedy this.

Key revision points Flexion and extension are the straightening and

bending of a joint respectively. Abduction and adduction are the movement

away and toward the midline of the body. Rotation is a turning movement around an

imaginary line and circumduction is when a bone moves in a circle.

Three things needed for good flexibility are a good diet, regular exercise and regular flexibility work!