1. LGBTQ Suicide
Elaine M. Maccio, Ph.D., LCSW
April 9, 2011

2. LGBTQ Youth Suicide
Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.
3. Suicide Statistics
Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States.1
Close to 35,000 people die by suicide each year.1
678,000 adults received medical attention and 500,000 adults reported spending at least one night in the hospital for suicide attempts in 2008.2
1.1 million adults reported attempting suicide in the past year.2
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007 (retrieved 2010).
2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies, 2009.
4. Suicide Statistics
Suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death for youths and young adults in the United States.1
Over 4,000 youths and young adults die by suicide each year.1
About 1 out of every 15 high school students attempts suicide each year.2
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007 (retrieved 2010).
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010.
5. Suicide Statistics
Most people who die by suicide have mental illness and/or a substance use disorder.
There are other risk factors associated with suicide, including:
Previous suicide attempt(s)
Firearm ownership
Isolation
Hopelessness
Impulsivity and recklessness
Family discord and dysfunction
6. Suicide Ideation in LGB Youth
LGB youth are 1 to 3 times more likely to report suicide ideation than non-LGB youth.
Suicide Prevention Resource Center, 2008
7. Suicide Ideation in LGB Youth
31.2% of GB male high school students vs. 20.1% of heterosexual male high school students (past month)1
36.4% of LB female high school students vs. 34.3% of heterosexual female high school students (past month)1
47.3% of GB adolescent boys vs. 34.7% of non-GB adolescent boys (lifetime)2
72.9% of LB adolescent girls vs. 53% of non-LB adolescent girls (lifetime)2
1. Remafedi et al., 1998
2. Eisenberg & Resnick, 2006
8. Suicide Ideation in LGB Youth
42% of LGB youths said they sometimes or often thought of killing themselves.
48% of LGB youth said suicidal thoughts were clearly or at least somewhat related to their sexual orientation (lifetime).
DAugelli et al., 2001
9. Suicide Attempts in LGB Youth
LGB youth are 1 to 7 times more likely to have attempted suicide than non-LGB youth.1
LGB youth attempts may be more serious, based on some initial findings about:
Intent to end their lives2
Lethality3
1. Suicide Prevention Resource Center, 2008
2. Safren & Heimberg, 1999
3. Remafedi et al., 1991
10. Suicide Attempts in LGB Youth
LGB youth were more than 2 times more likely to attempt suicide than their heterosexual peers (past year). 1
Bisexual and homosexual male high school students were 7 times more likely to attempt suicide than heterosexual counterparts (lifetime).2
30% of LGB youth vs. 13% of heterosexual youth (median age of 18) had attempted suicide (lifetime).3
1. Russell & Joyner, 2001
2. Remafedi et al., 1998
3. Safren & Heimberg, 1999
11. Suicide Attempts in LGB Youth
52.4% of LB females vs. 24.8% of non-LB females and 29.0% of GB males vs. 12.6% of non-GB males had attempted suicide (lifetime).
Eisenberg & Resnick, 2006
12. Suicide in LGB People
LGB youth and young adults:
Two psychological autopsy studies did not find a higher rate of suicide for LGB individuals.1,2
Although these two studies are important, both have methodological issues that make their conclusions questionable.3
2003 analysis of Danish data:4
Found elevated suicide risk for homosexuals
Does not apply specifically to youth
1. Rich et al., 1986
2. Shaffer et al., 1995
3. McDaniel et al., 2001
4. Qin et al., 2003
13. Suicide in Transgender Youth
Transgender youth:
Limited research exists.
Studies show higher rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
Risk factors: Which ones are in common with those for LGB youth?
14. Warning Signs
Thoughts & Feelings
Low self-esteem, self-worth
Hopelessness
Preoccupation with death
Depression, anxiety, irritability, mood swings
Loss of interest/pleasure
Sad, depressed
Sleep problems
Appetite/weight loss or gain
Worthlessness, guilt
Fatigue, low energy, lethargy
Inability to think, concentrate, make decisions
15. Warning Signs
Communication
Blatant threats
Death, dying, afterlife
World without the individual
Reminiscing
Past tense
Diminished communication
Instructions for others
Assessing availability of means
16. Warning Signs
Behaviors
Giving away possessions
Withdrawal
Relatively sudden shift from sadness to peace, contentment, happiness
Academic problems
High-risk behaviors
Substance use
Change in appearance or personality
17. What You Can Do Personally
DONT
leave the person alone
try to cheer the person up
try to grab weapons out of their hands
18. What You Can Do Personally
DO
call for help, even if its against the persons wishes
ask about thoughts of suicide
Thoughts
Motivation
Plan
Means
take threats seriously
empathize with the person
keep talking to them, using a calm, sympathetic voice
19. What You Can Do Locally
Promote LGBTQ cultural competence and sensitivity through student, staff, faculty, and administrator training
Refer LGBTQ youth to mental health services
Train peers to respond to others who may be suicidal
Identify and reach out to service providers and organizations who can serve as resources, trainers, and advocates
Conduct tablings, fundraisers, socials, letter-writing campaigns, meetings with influential others, support groups, etc. to raise awareness
20. ResourcesNational
American Association of Suicidology
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
GLBT National Youth Talkline
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Suicide Prevention Resource Center
The Trevor Project
21. ResourcesLocal
232-HELP/LA 211 (Lafayette)
Baton Rouge Crisis Intervention Center
First Call for Help (Alexandria)
Greater New Orleans 2-1-1
Heartbeat Monroe
Suicide Prevention Helpline (Shreveport)
22. Contact
Elaine M. Maccio, Ph.D., LCSW
School of Social Work
Louisiana State University
(225) 578-1109
emaccio@lsu.edu