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MANAGEMENT OF HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYPATHY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• INTRODUCTION
• MANAGEMENT -INVESTIGATIONS (work up of a clinically suspected case of HCM)
-TREATMENT (medical, surgical and nonsurgical interventions)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DIAGNOSIS• ECG• IMAGING - ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - CARDIAC MRI - OTHER MODALITIES• CATH DATA• TESTS TO RISK STRATIFY PATIENTS• GENETIC TESTING• FAMILY SCREENING
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TREATMENT
• NONOBSTRUCTIVE HCM -MEDICAL MANAGEMENT• OBSTRUCTIVE HCM -MEDICAL MANAGEMENT -SURGICAL MANAGEMENT -NON SURGICAL MANAGEMENT• PREVENTION OF SCD WITH ICDs• END STAGE HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
INTRODUCTION“HCM is a disease state characterized by unexplained LV hypertrophy, associated with nondilated ventricular chambers, in the absence of another cardiac or systemic disease that itself would be capable of producing the magnitude of hypertrophy evident in a given patient”
POINTS TO NOTE- •obstruction not necessary, •presence of extra cardiac features goes against the diagnosis, •basis for diagnosis is imaging studies•Genetics not needed to diagnose
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• Prevalence : 1 in 500
• Mendelian inheritance- AD “variable penetrance”
• At least 11 genes and > 1400 mutations- ßMHC, MBPc
• “DYNAMIC OBSTRUCTION”
• Obsolete names- IHSS, HOCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Criteria • ≥ 15 mm for Adults• > 2 SD for age, sex and height for Children < 12
years• Queries- - Is it necessary to be ‘Diffuse’? -RV involvement? -13 to14 mm, the Grey zone? -can a person have both HTN and HCM? - for children?
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Differential diagnoses
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Athlete’s heart
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Systemic HTN
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Metabolic disorders
• PRKAG2 MUTATIONS• DANON’S DISEASE-LAMP MUTATION
• NOONAN SYNDROME• INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS• POMPE’S DISEASE• FRIDERICK’S ATAXIA• FABRY’S DISEASE• LEOPARD SYNDROME
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
NATURAL HISTORY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DIAGNOSIS• ECG• IMAGING - ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY - CARDIAC MRI - OTHER MODALITIES• CATH DATA• TESTS TO RISK STRATIFY PATIENTS• GENETIC TESTING• FAMILY SCREENING
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ECG
• ST-T CHANGES IN LATERAL PRECORDIAL LEADS• DEEP T WAVE INVERSIONS IN LATERAL LEADS• LAE• DEEP NARROW Q WAVES• ABNORMAL IN 75-95%• NOT RELIABLE FOR LOCALISING/QUANTIFYING
HYPERTROPHY
• TO LOOK FOR WPW PATTERNS, LOW VOLTAGE COMPLEXES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ECG MIMICKING HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
IMAGING
• ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY• CARDIAC MRI• OTHER MODALITIES- -NUCLEAR SCANS, -CT SCANS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
• M MODE ECHO • 2 D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY• DOPPLER STUDIES• PROVOCATIVE TESTING - EXERCISE - DRUGS• ROLE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST ECHO• ROLE OF TOE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
M MODE ECHO
• SAM• GRADING OF SAM• AORTIC VALVE
FLUTTERING
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ECHO GRADING OF SAM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DOPPLER STUDIES• LATE SYSTOLIC ‘PEAK’ GRADIENTS• PROVOCATION-EXERCISE, NITRATE, VALSALVA
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
COLOR DOPPLER
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
“THE DAGGER”
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
A comprehensive echo evaluation report
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
LVEF
• Usually normal or increased • Can have small LV end-diastolic volumes and
therefore reduced stroke volumes despite having normal EFs
• Overt LV systolic dysfunction, termed the ‘‘dilated or progressive phase of HCM,’’ ‘‘end-stage HCM,’’ or ‘‘burnt-out HCM,’’ is usually defined as an LV EF < 50% and occurs in a minority (2%–5%) of patients
• Prognosis is worse in the presence of LV systolic dysfunction
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
2D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY• ≥15 mm AT ANY REGION OF LV• SAM OF AML, THE SEPTAL-MITRAL CONTACT• MITRAL REGURGITATION• LV MASS NOT A NECESSARY CRITERION• BEWARE OF MORPHOLOGICAL SUBTYPES-
APICAL LV HYPERTROPHY, NEUTRAL/REVERSE/SIGMOID HYPERTROPHY OF IVS, MIDCAVITARY HYPERTROPHY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TO LOOK FOR!oLV DIMENSIONS-NOT BE DILATEDoLA VOLUMESoLV SYSTOLIC FUNCTIONS oDIASTOLIC FUNCTIONSoAORTIC AND SUBAORTIC STENOSISoMV MORPHOLOGY, SEVERITY AND DIRECTION OF MR JEToREGIONAL INVOLVEMENT-SHOULD NOT MISS OUT ON APICAL AND MID CAVITARY HYPERTROPHYoAMYLOIDOSIS, HTN, EXTRA SYSTEMIC FEATURES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
REGIONAL INVOLVEMENT
• ASYMMETRICAL SEPTAL HT MOST COMMON PATTERN
• DIFFUSE HT (70-75%)• BASL SEPTAL HT (10-15%)• CONCENTRIC (5%)• APICAL HT (<5%)• LATERAL WALL HT (2%)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MITRAL VALVE APPARATUS
• GRADING OF MR• THICKENING OF AML• MV PROLAPSE• COAPTATION• CHORDAL APPARATUS• PAPILLARY MUSCLES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
LV DIASTOLIC FUNCTIONS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
LV DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
WHATS NEW IN 2D ECHO!
• MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION STUDIES-STRAIN ANALYSIS, TISSUE TRACKING, SPECTRAL TRACKING
• CONTRAST ECHO -INTRAPROCEDURAL MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST -LV CONTRAST
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
CONTRAST ECHO
• INTRAPROCEDURAL-DURING ASA
• ECHOCONTRAST / AGITATED XRAY CONTRAST• ENSURE SITE AND SIZE OF
INFARCTION• HIGHER SUCCESS RATES,
LESS INFARCT SIZE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
LV contrast echo
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ROLE OF TOE
• CLARIFICATION OF SUSPICIOUS SUBAORTIC MEMBRANE
• STUDY OF MV MORPHOLOGY AND MR
• INTRAOP GUIDANCE FOR MYECTOMY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TOE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
CARDIAC MRI
• TO CLARIFY THE DIAGNOSIS-INCONCLUSIVE ECHO STUDY
• TO GET ADDITIONAL INFO-MORPHOLOGY AND EXTENT OF THICKNESS
• TO CLARIFY ABNORMALITIES IN MV APPARATUS
• LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT- PATTERN OF ENHANCEMENT & SCD RISK STRATIFICATION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MRI IMAGES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
CARDIAC CT !
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
NEW AREAS IN IMAGING
• SPECT SCAN -MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING -FIXED DEFECTS -INDUCIBLE DEFECTS ”MICROVASCULAR DYSFUNCTION”
• CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
SPECT
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Important HP slides
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
STRESS TESTING
• TMT -EXERCISE CAPACITY -BP RESPONSE -PROVOCATION FOR DYNAMIC GRADIENT• STRESS ECHO (exercise and not dobutamine) -USED AS A PROVOCATION FOR STUDY OF
GRADIENTS -75 % FALSE POSITIVE RWMA, HENCE NOT USED TO
DETECT/EXCLUDE CAD IN HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
STRESS TESTING
• TMT -EXERCISE CAPACITY -BP RESPONSE -PROVOCATION FOR DYNAMIC GRADIENT• STRESS ECHO (exercise and not dobutamine) -USED AS A PROVOCATION FOR STUDY OF
GRADIENTS -75 % FALSE POSITIVE RWMA, HENCE NOT USED TO
DETECT/EXCLUDE CAD IN HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
METABOLIC STRESS TESTING
• STUDYING THE OXYGEN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF MYOCARDIUM AT REST AND CHANGES IN VARIOUS DISEASE STATES LIKE HCM
• VERY EARLY STAGES OF RESEARCH
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ROLE OF AMBULATORY ECG• RISK STRATIFICATION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
CATH DATA• ESTABLISHMENT OF HEMODYNAMICS,
GRADIENTS• PROVOCATIVE TESTING
• ROLE OF LV ANGIOGRAPHY
• ROLE OF CORONARY ANGIOMUST ACCOMPANY CATH STUDY STUDY CORONARY ANATOMY, MYOCARDIAL
BRIDGINGRULE OUT EPICARDIAL CADDONE ‘AFTER’ CATH STUDY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
PROVOCATION
• INCONCLUSIVE/EQUIVOCAL RESULTS IN ECHO• VPCs-BROKENBROUGH PHENOMENON• ISOPRENALINE• NTG/AMYL NITRATE • DOBUTAMINE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
RISK STRATIFICATION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
GENETIC TESTING
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DISTINCT ENTITY
• “GENOTYPE POSITIVE-PHENOTYPE NEGATIVE”
• WARRANTS PERIODIC SCREENING FOR LVH
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
SCREENING STRATEGY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TREATMENT
• NONOBSTRUCTIVE HCM -MEDICAL MANAGEMENT• OBSTRUCTIVE HCM -MEDICAL MANAGEMENT -SURGICAL MANAGEMENT -NON SURGICAL MANAGEMENT• PREVENTION OF SCD WITH ICDs• END STAGE HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT• BETA BLOCKERS• VERAPAMIL• DISOPYRAMIDE
• DIURETICS
• DILTIAZEM, ACE-i/ARBs, STATINS
• NIFEDIPINE, DIGOXIN, INOTROPES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Beta blockers (class I)
• Drugs of choice- negative inotropic properties and enhanced relaxation—>improved diastolic performance
• Titrate and target maximum doses
• Look for hypotension and AV block
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Titration of beta blockers
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Verapamil (class I) • Add on therapy to beta blockers if high doses of
beta blockers are not tolerated• First choice when beta blockers are
contraindicated • Maximal doses of 280 mg/day• AVOID in NYHA class IV dyspnoea and
hypotension• When used as add-on therapyto look for high
grade AV block
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Rosing DR, Kent KM, Maron BJ, et al. Verapamil therapy: a new approach to the pharmacologic treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,II: effects on exercise capacity and symptomatic status.Circulation. 1979;60:1208 –13.
Swanton RH, Brooksby IA, Jenkins BS, et al. Hemodynamic studies ofbeta blockade in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. EurJ Cardiol. 1977;5:327– 41.
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DISOPYRAMIDE (class II A)
• NOT USED AS A SOLO THERAPY
• ALWAYS AS AN ADD ON THERAPY TO BB AND VERAPAMIL
• INCREASED AV CONDUCTION, PROLONG QT INTERVAL, ANTICHOLINERGIC SIDE EFFECTS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Diltiazem !
• Less studies to justify use !
• STATINS
• ACE-i/ARBs- -SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DRUGS THAN CAN HARM(class III)
• NIFEDIPINE-POTENT VASODILATOR AND HENCE AVOIDED
• DIGOXIN, DOBUTAMINE, NORADRENALINE, DOPAMINE-POSITIVE INOTROPES
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ROLE OF DIURETICS
• USEFUL DRUGS WHEN WE KNOW WHEN TO USE
• AVOIDED IN HOCM WITH PRESERVED SYSTOLIC FUNCTION (class II B)
• CAN BE USED IN HOCM WITH SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION (class II B), NONOBSTRUCTIVE HCM (ONLY AS ADD ON THERAPY-class II A)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE HYPOTENSION IN HOCM
• i.v FLUIDS (class I)
• PHENYLEPHRINE (class I)-vasopressor
• Positive inotropes can cause harm (class III)
• MANAGEMENT OF HOCM WITH “DEPRESSED SYSTOLIC FUNCTION” IS A SEPERATE ENTITY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
INTERVENTIONAL STRATEGIES
• SURGICAL REDUCTION
• NON SURGICAL REDUCTION - ALCOHOL SEPTAL ABLATION - DUAL CHAMBER PACING
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Clinical: Severe dyspnea or chest pain (NYHA functional classes III or IV) / exertional symptoms (such as syncope), despite optimal medical therapyHemodynamic: Dynamic LVOT gradient at rest orwith physiologic provocation 50 mm Hg associated with septal hypertrophy and SAM of the mitral valveAnatomic: Targeted anterior septal thickness sufficient to perform the procedure safely and effectively in the judgment of an experienced operator
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
PROVOCATION-EXERCISE, NITRATE, VALSALVA, VPCs, ISOPROTERENOL
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
SURGICAL TREATMENT
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MYECTOMY
• MORROW’S PROCEDURE-traditional
• About 3 cm long resection of septum
• Transaortic approach
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
EXTENDED MYECTOMY
• Current era-Method of choice• At least 7 cm long resection of septum ±
papillary muscle ± lateral wall done• Resection increases as we move towards apex• Trough created• Potential for mitral valve repair/replacement,
repositioning or resection of papillary muscles
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Better surgical candidates
• Younger age• Greater septal thickness (≥30 mm)• Concomitant cardiac diseases -severe mitral regurgitation/intrinsic MV
pathology -severe papillary muscle hypertrophy -coronary artery disease (CABG planned)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Outcomes
• Almost total abolition of LVOT gradient and MR
• Technical success 90-95%
• Chances of repeat procedure is very less
• increased treadmill time, maximum workload, peak oxygen consumption, and improved myocardial oxygen demand, metabolism, and coronary flow
• Periop mortality < 1%
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Complications
• VSD <1%
• LBBB, CHB-2 %(pts with preexisting RBBB)
• MV/AV injury < 1%
• SCD risk persists though reduced, SCD risk/ICD discharges < 1%
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
SEPTAL ABLATION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Med Hypotheses. 1994 Sep;43(3):141-4.Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the left bundle branch: an alternative modality of treatment for patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.Dalvi B.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Parel, Bombay, India
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
BACKGROUND
• 1994-SIGWART
• INCREASING NUMBER OF PROCEDURES
• A SERIOUS CHALLENGE TO SEPTAL MYECTOMY IN A SELECT GROUP OF PATIENTS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
SELECTION OF PATIENTS
• ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA• NOT INDICATED IN CHILDREN• THICKNESS 20-30 mm• PREEXISTING LBBB-HIGH RISK• ANATOMY IS THE MOST IMPORTANT (MV,
PAPILLARY MUSCLE)• ‘RIVER-RIVER BED’SEPTAL PERFORATOR
AND ITS TERRITORY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
THE PROCEDURE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• B-BLOCKER THERAPY SHOULD BE DISCONTINUED AND INTRAVENOUS FLUID BOLUSES AVOIDED IN ORDER TO ALLOW FOR OPTIMAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LVOT GRADIENT
• VERIFICATION OF RESTING/PROVOCABLE GRADIENTS WITH CATH STUDIES
• VERIFICATION OF CORONARIES- CAD, ANATOMY
• TRANS VENOUS PACEMAKER IN SITU LEAST TILL 48 HRS AFTER PROCEDURE
• ASPIRIN AND HEPARIN 50 U/kg
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• ROUTINE GUIDING CATHETERS, PTCA WIRES
• DESIRED 45 DEGREE BEND IN THE PTCA WIRE • SHORT, OVER-THE-WIRE ANGIOPLASTY BALLOON CATHETERS
• MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST ECHO
• ENGAGEMENT OF SEPTAL PERFORATOR OR ANY OF BRANCHES OF SEPTAL PERFORATOR
• BALLOON INFLATIONTEST FOR REDUCTION IN GRADIENTS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• REMOVAL OF GUIDE WIRE
• ADMINISTRATION OF CORONARY CONTRASTLOOK FOR REFLUX INTO CORONARY CIRCULATION
• 1-3 ML OF 96% ALCOHOL OVER 10 MINUTES TILL DESIRED RESULT
• SEPTAL INFARCTION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MCE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
VIDEO
Liyakat Ali, 44/M 2013701926
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
The haemodynamic objective is a decrease in the gradient to < 10 mmHg at rest in patients with resting gradientsor a decrease by >50% of a provocable gradient
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TRIPHASIC RESPONSE• REDUCTION IN GRADIENT PERSISTS FOR 48 HRS
• MYOCARDIAL EDEMA, STUNNINGRECURRENCE OF GRADIENT
• 3 MONTHSSCAR RETRACTION, SUBSIDING OF EDEMAREDUCTION OF GRADIENT
• 6 MONTHS AND LATERLV AND LA REMODELLING WITH PROGRESSIVE IMPROVEMENT IN ALL PARAMETERS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
TRIPHASIC RESPONSE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DISCHARGE AT 5 DAYS
• RISK OF CHB IN 10-20% CASES
• CHANCES OF NEW ONSET RBBB, HIGH GRADE AV BLOCK, CHB
• PTS WITH PREEXISITING LBBB
• ON TPI FOR 48 HRS POST PROCEDURE
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
OUTCOMES
• TECHNICAL SUCCESS > 90%• PATIENT SELECTION- MOST IMPORTANT STEP• PERIPROCEDURAL MORTALITY 0-4%
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
COMPLICATIONS
• CARDIAC TAMPONADE• CORONARY DISSECTION• VSD• AV BLOCK (10-20%)• “CONCERN” FOR LONG TERM ARRYTHMIAS
(4.9%)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
OTHER THAN ALCOHOL!!!• polyvinyl alcohol foam particles,• microspheres, • absorbable gelatin sponges, • septal coils• Gross CM, Schulz-Menger J, Kramer J, Siegel I, Pilz B, Waigand J, Friedrich MG, Uhlich F, Dietz R.
Percutaneous transluminal septal artery ablation using polyvinyl alcohol foam particles for septal hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: acute and 3-year outcomes. J Endovasc Ther2004;11:705–711.
• Llamas-Esperon GA, Sandoval-Navarrete S. Percutaneous septal ablation with absorbable gelatin sponge in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007;69:231–235.
• Lafont A, Durand E, Brasselet C, Mousseaux E, Hagege A, Desnos M. Percutaneous transluminal septal coil embolisation as an alternative to alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Heart2005;91:92
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ASA VS SURGERY
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
META ANALYSIS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
“WITH PROPER SELECTION OF PATIENTS AND OPERATOR COMPETENCE AND EXPERIENCE, ASA CAN PROVE AS GOOD AS SURGERY, BUT FOR THE HIGH RATES OF AV BLOCKS”
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
DUAL CHAMBER PACING
• CLASS IIb-MAY BE CONSIDERED FOR SUBOPTIMAL CANDIDATES OF SEPTAL REDUCTION THERAPY
• RESIDUAL GRADIENT HIGH• 25-50% DECREASE IN GRADIENT• MUCH OF IMPROVEMENT WAS PROVED TO BE
DUE TO PLACEBO EFFECT, IN RCT ND META ANALYSIS
• OUT OF FAVOUR
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• RV PACINGTIMING OF SEPTAL CONTRACTIONAVOIDING SEPTAL-AML CONTACT
• OTHER UNKNOWN MECHANISMS INVOLVED LEADING TO INADEQUATE RESULT
• OPTIMISATION OF AV DELAY, POSITION OF RV LEAD
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
PREVENTION OF SCD
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Selection of ICD type
• Single chamber preferred in children (IIa)- Lead strain and fracture as child grows- Lead extraction difficult- Additional lead placement may lead to venous
obstruction• Dual chamber preferred in (IIa) -Older patients -AF -Heart failure -concomitant LVOT gradients > 50 mmhg
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Results of ICD therapy
• For Class I indication, discharge rates10 % per year
• For Class II indications, discharge rates 4 % per year
• Relative weight of each of risk factors in predicting discharge rate not mentioned
• Number of risk factors not related to discharge rate
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Complications
• Failure rates 0.5-1 % per year• Complications : 4 % per yearEarly-Pneumothorax, Pocket infection, Pocket
hematoma, Pericardial effusion, lead dislodgmentLate-Venous thrombosis, lead dislodgment, infection,
high defibrillation threshold necessitating lead revision, inappropriate shocks-triggered by supraventricular
arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia, lead fracturesor dislodgment, oversensing, double counting, and
programming malfunctions
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Role of CRT
• Paucity of published data on the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy devices in patients with HCM and end-stage heart failure
• Might be useful (level B evidence)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF HCM WITH LV SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• ACEi/ARBs, Diuretics-STANDARD HF TREATMENT (class I)
• DISCONTINUE VERAPAMIL, DILTIAZEM, DISOPYRAMIDE (class III)
• CAD, VALVULAR HEART DISEASE, METABOLIC DISORDERS TO BE RULED OUT
• ICDs TO BE CONSIDERED (class IIB)• ANTICOAGULATION IN PRESENCE OF AF/LV APICAL
ANEURYSMS• HEART TRANSPLANTATION FOR REFRACTORY NYHA
CLASS III/IV SYMPTOMS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
MANAGEMENT OF AF
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
• ANTICOAGULATION IRRESPECTIVE OF LV FUNCTION (class I)
• AMIODARONE, DISOPYRAMIDE (class II B)• BETA BLOCKERS, VERAPAMIL, DILTIAZEM (II A)
• RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION (II A)• MAZE PROCEDURE (II A)
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
PREGNANCY/DELIVERY• High risk for- LVOT gradient > 50 mmhg• Class III for those with class III/IV systolic
dysfunction • No added risk for patients with controlled
symptoms (II A)• Continue drugs in prgnancy (class I)-watch or
fetal bradycardia and growth abnormalities in fetus
• Guard against post delivery volume loss
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
OCCUPATION
The guidelines state that “irrespective of symptoms, a person should not be certified as a [commercial motor vehicle] driver if a firm diagnosis of HCM is made…”
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
• LOW INTENSITY AEROBIC EXERCISES• AVOID DEHYDRATION• AVOID HEAVY MEALS• RISK OF SYNCOPE IN HIGH INTENSITY SPORTS• UNPREDICTABILITY OF SCDAN OTHER
REASON TO AVOID HIGH INTENSITY SPORTS
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
What to expect in future!!!
• ASA OVERTAKING SURGERY
• ALTERNATIVES TO ALCOHOL
• INCLUSION OF CARDIAC MRI IN DIAGNOSIS AND RISK STRATIFICATION
• PRECLINICAL DIAGNOSIS WITH ECHO
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
Future Directions
• Refining risk stratification criteria and definitions
• Genetic analysis• Management of AF
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
ASA VS SURGERY
• Robust information about the types and frequency of adverse outcomes following alcohol septal ablation are needed
• Rigorous assessment of whether these events are intrinsic to the procedure or related to underlying hypertrophic substrate, concomitant coronary or other comorbid disease, or the advanced age at which patients receive this therapy versus myectomy
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
HCM Program
“Every institution to have one such program to deal with the advancements, research needs, maintaining a registry of HCM patients and their follow-up”
MANAGEMENT OF HCM
THANK YOU