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Assignment no-2Topic: collection of various journals literature for Description about Researches,properties undergoing on 5different plants

9/23/2016Submitted to:Dr.Shailendra Tripathi.,(MD)

Submitted by:D.GnanabhaskarRegno:16TMM2364

National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research S.A.S. Nagar

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1.Maplia atadinata

2.Tinospora cordifolia3.Caricca papaya

4.Wall nut5.Almond

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ALMONDS

Scientific name:Prunus dulcis benefits of soaking almonds in water also include

its use in the prevention of cancer, diabetes, inflammation and stomach disorders.

Almonds contain folic acid, which is one of the most important nutrient to prevent birth defect in pregnancy

Almonds help in maintaining proper levels of cholesterol by increasing the level of HDL and decreasing the level of LDL. This helps in prevention of a majority of heart diseases.

USES

VITAMINB17

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Anatomy and cell wall polysaccharides of almond (Prunus dulcis D. A. Webb) seeds. The anatomy of Prunus dulcis was analyzed by applying several differential staining techniques

and light microscopy. Prunus dulcis cell wall material is very rich in arabinose (45 mol %). Glucose (23%), uronic acids (12%), and xylose (12%) are also major sugar components.

The polymers obtained from the imidazole , Na(2)CO(3), pectic substances rich in arabinose, but the sugar content of these extracts was very low.

The majority of the pectic substances (also rich in arabinose) was recovered with the KOH extracts. These extracts, with high sugar content, yielded also xyloglucans and acidic xylans

. The 4 M KOH + H(3)BO(3) extracts yielded polysaccharides rich in uronic acids and xylose and very rich in arabinose, accounting for 27% of the cell wall material.

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PMID: 14995147 DOI: 10.1021/jf030061r

The findings of this project permit to confirm that almond cell wall limited lipid digestibility not only in presence of pancreatic lipase but also gastric lipase and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2.

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Digestion of Raw and Roasted Almonds in Simulated Gastric Environment

Compared with raw almonds, roasted almonds had less ability to absorb gastric juice and lower swelling capacity in simulated gastric environment. Reduced almond size led to a faster disintegration rate (shorter half time) and a higher level of swelling. The long half time of disintegration and the high amount of swelling of the almonds in the stomach may contribute to their high satiety property. While there was no significant difference in the solid loss (nutrient release) in static soaking and trial A in which only hydrodynamic mixing was involved, roasting significantly improved the disintegration rates of almonds and the solid loss when mechanical force was present. The internal resistance is more important than external resistance for leaching of nutrients from almond kernel to gastric environment

CONCLUSION. Examination of microstructure indicated that the breakage and breach of cell walls are important for almond digestion.

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Biophysics (2009) 4: 365. doi:10.1007/s11483-009-9135-6

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Clinical Study of the Prunus dulcis (Almond) Shell Extract on Tinea capitis Infection Prunus dulcis (Almond) shell extract demonstrated for its biomedical applications. Shell extract

prepared by soxhlet method. In this study the antifungal activity of almond shell extract was observed against clinically isolated pathogenic fungus by strip method.

The antioxidant potential of crude shell extract was also evaluated by using DPPH (2-2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) and radical scavenging system. The total antioxidant activity varied from 94.38 to 95.49% and total phenolic content was found 4.455 mg/g in almond shell extract. Finally the results provide a great therapeutic potential against infection of scalp caused by Tinea capitis and result can be achieved in 20 days therapy.

CONCLUSION: the data and results obtained during this study indicates that outer shell of P.dulcis contain highest values of antioxidant potential due to presence of phenolic content in good quantity, therefore the use of shell extract of almond as a antimycotic drug may reduce the risk of common environmental microbial infections particularly Ring worm or Tinea infections. Finally suggests that this waste material is highly effective and safe antifungal drug .

9/23/2016Natural Products Chemistry & Research Thebo et al., Nat Prod Chem Res 2014, 2:3 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/23296836.1000131

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Phytochemical investigations and evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Prunus dulcis nuts

The present study is focused on the phytochemical characterization through chromatographic isolation and purification, and mass spectrometric identification of various compounds along with evaluation of antidiabetic activity of various extracts of P. dulcis nuts. Stigmasitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside and α-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-fructofuranoside were isolated for the first time along with a known compound isolated previously from the skin of the almond. Mass spectrometric analysis delivered some compounds like catechin dihexoside, caffeoyl-6'-secologanoside and (epi)catechin-ethyl trimer which were detected for the first time in almond along with other compounds which have been identified in the skin of almond. Highest antidiabetic activity has been determined for 70% ethanol extract, even more than the control sample, among the other extracts evaluated. The published literature showed no such detailed study of the whole almond nuts as the main focus was on the brown almond skin, and is presented for the first time.

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LWT - Food Science and TechnologyVolume 66, March 2016, Pages 311–317

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In the present study, we have discussed the chemical composition, the nutritional value and the pharmacological actions of Prunus amygdalus. However, several recently published reports on the bio-active potential of almonds have indicated their rising pharmacological and medicinal significance. In the past few years, many promising bioactivities such as

Hypolipidaemic , hypoglycaemic, immunostimulant, antioxidant and the nootropic activity of Prunus amygdalus have been reported. the first time, the bioactive potential of Prunus amygdalus as a hepato-protective agent, an

aphrodisiac and an agent for increasing the fertility have been realized. The pharmacological and medicinal significance of Prunus amygdalus is gradually increasing. Studies which involve clinical trials in human subjects remain to be performed.

9/23/2016ID: JCDR/2012/3172.3656.3719:1836

Therapeutic Applications of Almonds (Prunus amygdalus L): A Review

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Effects of Plant-Based Diets High in Raw or Roasted Almonds, or Roasted Almond Butter on Serum Lipoproteins in Humans

All three forms of almonds in the context of a heart-healthy diet significantly lowered low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) from baseline to the completion of the study. Both raw and roasted almonds significantly lowered TC, whereas the decrease by almond butter (in a smaller cohort) did not reach statistical significance. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) did not significantly change with raw or roasted almonds but slightly increased with almond butter. At the end of the study, blood pressure did not change significantly from baseline values for any of the groups.

Conclusion: These results suggest that unblanched almonds—whether raw, dry roasted, or in roasted butter form—can play an effective role in cholesterol-lowering, plant-based diets.

9/23/2016Pages 195-200 | Received 01 Jul 2002, Accepted 27 Sep 2002, Published online: 19 Jun 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2003.10719293JournalJournal of the American College of Nutrition 

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Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds Isolated from Almond Skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)

Nine phenolic compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of almond (Prunus amygdalus) skins. On the basis of NMR data, MS data, and comparison with the literature, these compounds were identified as 3‘-O-methylquercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1); 3‘-O-methylquercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (2); 3‘-O-methylquercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3); kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4); naringenin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5); catechin (6); protocatechuic acid (7); vanillic acid (8); and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9). All of these compounds have been isolated from almond skins for the first time. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities for compounds 1−9 were determined. Compounds 6 and 7 show very strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds 1−3, 5, 8, and 9 show strong activity, whereas compound 4 has very weak activity.

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J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50 (8), pp 2459–2463DOI: 10.1021/jf011533+Publication Date (Web): March 7, 2002

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Efficacy study of Prunus amygdalus (almond) nuts in scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats

ABSTRACT Objective: Cognitive disorders such as amnesia, attention deficit and Alzheimer’s diseaseare emerging nightmares in

the field of medicine because no exact cure exists for them,as existing nootropic agents (piractam, tacrine, metrifonate) have several limitations.The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Prunus amygdalus (PA)nuts on cognitive functions, total cholesterol levels and cholinesterase (ChE) activity inscopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

Materials and Methods: The paste of PA nuts was administered orally at three doses (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) for 7 and 14 consecutive days to the respective groups of rats. Piracetam (200 mg/kg) was used as a standard nootropic agent. Learning and memory parameters were evaluated

using elevated plus maze (EPM), passive avoidance and motor activity paradigms. Brain ChE activity and serum biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, total triglycerides and glucose were evaluated.

Results: It was observed that PA at the above-mentioned doses after 7 and 14 days ofadministration in the respective groups significantly reversed scopolamine (1 mg/kg i.p.)-induced amnesia, as evidenced by a decrease in the transfer latency in the EPM task andstep-down latency in the passive avoidance task. PA reduced the brain ChE activity inrats. PA also exhibited a remarkable cholesterol and triglyceride lowering property andslight increase in glucose levels in the present study.

Conclusion: Because diminished cholinergic transmission and increase in cholesterollevels appear to be responsible for the development of amyloid plaques and dementia inAlzheimer patients, PA may prove to be a useful memory-restorative agent. It would beworthwhile to explore the potential of this plant in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. 9/23/2016

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Wall nut

Scientific name: Juglans regia

 nuts might have a lower risk of coronary heart disease and death due to heart problemsHyperlipidemia TreatmentsCHD TreatmentsCholesterol TreatmentsDyslexia Treatments.

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Utility and importance of walnut, Juglans regia Linn: A review

Walnuts are nutrient-rich food due to high contents of fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals. They are also good source of flavonoids, sterols, pecticPereira et Clinical studies suggest that omega-3 PUFA have significant role in prevention of coronary heart disease.

Oil rich in oleic acid displays greater oxidative stability therefore; it could be widely used as frying oil. According to an investigation conducted by several researchers, It was found that the average value for protein was 18.1% (Amaral et al., 2003); Muradolu, 2005; Mitrovic et al., 1997; Muradoglu, 2010; Savage, 2001). They are mainly composed of glutelins (about 70% of the total seed proteins) .

The amino acid (AA) composition of walnut flour is dominated by the acidic AA residues of aspartate and glutamate together with relatively high levels of arginine. Walnut proteins contain all essential AAs required for the needs of a human adult,

The paper highlights the traditional use of this plant and some scientific validation of the claimed biological activity in vivo as well as in vitro. The toxicological studies of various secondary metabolites which contribute to its medicinal value are still in its infancy and are becoming an important limiting factor for utilizing the metabolites as therapeutic agent. Besides, isolation and characterization of active secondary metabolites responsible for various biological activities have not yet been structurally elucidated, mode of action, target organ of toxicity and molecular mechanism also need to be investigated. Further trials in humans are required to determine the efficacy of walnut extract or one or more of its constituents and to establish what, if any, adverse effects are observed.

9/23/2016African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 5(32), pp. 5796-5805, 30 December, 2011http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR ISSN 1996-0808 ©2011 Academic Journals DOI: 10.5897/AJMR11.610

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Effects of walnuts (Juglans regia) on learning and memory functions.

Walnut has been regarded as a health food that is delicious and nutritious. Both preventive and therapeutic effects of walnut are well documented. Walnuts are rich in omega-3 fatty acids that are reported to have beneficial effects on brain function. The present work was designed to evaluate the effects of walnuts on learning and memory in male rats. The effect of oral intake of walnut was also monitored on food intake. Walnut was given orally to rats for a period of 28 days. Memory function in rats was assessed by elevated plus maze (EPM) and radial arm maze (RAM). A significant improvement in learning and memory of walnut treated rats compared to controls was observed. Walnut treated rats also exhibited a significant decrease in food intake while the change in growth rate (in terms of percentage) remained comparable between the two groups. Analysis of brain monoamines exhibited enhanced serotonergic levels in rat brain following oral intake of walnuts. The findings suggest that walnut may exert its hypophagic and nootropic actions via an enhancement of brain 5-HT metabolism.

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Plant Foods Hum Nut. 2011 Nov;66(4):335-40. doi: 10.1007/s11130-011-0260-2.

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Health benefits of walnut polyphenols: An exploration beyond their lipid profile.

In addition to essential fatty acids, walnuts contain a variety of other bioactive compounds such as, vitamin E and polyphenols. Among common foods and beverages, walnuts represent one of the most important sources of polyphenols, hence, their effect over human health warrants attention.

The main polyphenol in walnuts is pedunculagin, an ellagitannin. After consumption, ellagitannins are hydrolyzed to release ellagic acid, which is converted by gut microflora to urolithin A and other derivatives, such as urolithins B, C and D. Ellagitannins possess well known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivity and several studies have assessed the potential role of ETs against disease initiation and progression, including cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases

9/23/2016DOI:10.1080/10408398.2015.1126218

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Walnut leaf extract inhibits PTP1B and enhances glucose-uptake in vitro.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Walnut, Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae), is one of the medicinal plants used to treat diabetic symptoms in

Austrian folk medicine. The air-dried green leaves are either used as aqueous decoctions or liquor preparations and are consumed on a daily basis. We investigated the hypoglycemic effect of a methanolic Juglans regia leaf extract on glucose uptake, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation

RESULTS: Methanolic Juglans regia leaf extract enhanced the glucose uptake rate in C2C12 myocytes at concentrations of

25µg/mL compared to untreated cells. This activity may partly be explained by the inhibition of PTP1B but not PPARγ agonism. LC-MS analyses revealed chlorogenic acid (1), 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid (2), a trihydroxynaphthalene-hexoside (3), as well as eight flavonoids (4-11) as main phenolic constituents in the active extract.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding that Juglans regia leaf extract enhances glucose uptake and inhibits PTP1B provides an in vitro-based

rationale for the traditional use of walnut leaf preparations against elevated blood-glucose levels.

9/23/2016:   doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.02.017

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The Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Walnuts on the Neurons of Rat Brain Cortex

Epilepsy is a chief communal health problem. Antiepileptic drugs only provide symptomatic treatment. Walnut Kernels (WK) have high concentrations of phenolic compounds, which have beneficial effects on human health because of their antioxidant and anti-atherogenic properties. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of WK supplementation for the prevention of experimental epilepsy in male rats.

WKs displayed anti-epileptogenic properties, and WK supplementation was associated with increased seizure threshold and reduced mortality in the experimental group versus controls.

Conclusion Use of WK may be helpful in prevention of PTZ-induced seizure and its further

neurodegeneration in male 9/23/2016Avicenna J Med Biotechnol. 2012 Jul-Sep; 4(3): 155–158.

PMCID: PMC3558213

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Antibacterial Potentials of Bark and Leaves Extracts of Juglans Regia against Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

The ordinary belief of the people in area regarding the specific plants against the diseases is highly valuable. Plants can be used safely as compeered to antibiotic have low cost low side effects. The results of plant extracts against the bacteria, the antimicrobial essay confirmed the great potential of medicinal plants for the production of bioactive compounds and are useful for the use of medicinal plants in primary healthcare, and also to improve the production for their traditional use of the medicinal plants. The phytochemical study of the characterization of the plant extracts, and to investigate the responsible bioactive compounds, quality standard, chemistry and structure of the compound are also necessary.

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ISSN NO 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 1, 3-8 3 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH

ECONOMIC AND ETHNO-MEDICINAL USES OF JUGLANS REGIA L.IN KASHMIR HIMALAYA The present study revealed that the plant species has widedistributional range in Jammu

and Kashmir. The walnut second after apple industry in the state, giving employment to about 50,000 people. This tree species is a prized plant andeach part has economic value and very little attendance isneeded for its cultivation. The tree is resistant to diseases andgenerally no pesticide is used for the protection of this plant species.

Different plant parts used to treat various diseases. Ethano-botanical knowledge is very important as it reflects the practices and problems solved by the indigenous communitiesby their long experience. It also provides valuable baseline information for the commercial exploitation of bioresources. This information could be useful for the pharmacologists, physicians, phytochemists, botanists and alike interested in the development of alternative therapies This secret treasure of knowledge could prove beneficial in phyto-pharmacological research for the discovery of new therapeutic drugs14, 15. Also the growing concern among the developing countries about the emerging threats of biopiracy and intensities of IPR controversies are increasing day by day16. Thus the need of the hour is to speedily document this valuable information of ethno-botany and economic importance of this valuable plant species.

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Ganie et al. UJAHM 2013, 01 (03): Page 64-67Unique Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicines, 01(03), Nov-Dec 2013 64UNIQUE JOURNAL OF AYURVEDIC AND HERBAL MEDICINESAvailable online: www.ujconline.net

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STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF WALNUT Walnut is common fruit which is used as food supplement all over the world. All the plant parts of walnut are used as medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The present study is based on the medicinal properties of the walnut oil extracted from the kernel of the fruit. It is found that walnut oil shows antimicrobial activity against microbes Staphylococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. Walnut oil can be used to fight against bacterial infections. The authors also found that walnut oil has a great number of phytochemicals fully armed with the potential to reduce Fe3+ of FRAP reagent to Fe2+. The extent of reduction was taken as the power of neutralizing free radicals in the body. Thus the walnut oil has great anti-microbial activity and high antioxidant potential.

The result on antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the walnut oil indicate that, walnut oil has a great curing effect of bacterial infections and make the conditions in the body to fight against free radicals in the body. The walnut oil is a good for health purpose due to its medicinal effect and needs to be consumed daily.

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Juglans regia Linn: A Phytopharmacological Review

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of Herbal medicine. It is getting popularized in developing and developed countries owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects. One such medicinal plant is Juglana regia (Juglandaceae) , which is commonly known as walnut. All parts of plant are important viz. bark, leaves, flowers, seed, oil etc. Oil of this plant is extensively used in ayurveda, unani, homeopathic and allopathic system of medicines. Traditionally the plant is used as laxative, purgative, fertilizer and fungicide etc. whereas the plant possess beneficial effects such as anti-oxidant, antihistamic,antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antiulcer, immunemodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antifertility, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, central nervous system stimulant, lipolytic, wound healing, insecticidal andlarvicidal and many other medicinal properties. This activity of the plant possess due to the importantphytochemical constituents like flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and steroids etc. The aim of thispaper is to explain the details of phyto-pharmacological properties of Juglans regia for the future research work

CONCLUSIONS The present review article documents the publications on walnut and its constituents in the recent and last few years. The

paper highlights the traditional use of this plant and some scientific validation of the claimed biological activity in vivo as well as in vitro. To best of our knowledge and internet survey only one case of contact dermatitis was reported after shelling 15 kilos of walnuts. The toxicological studies of various secondary metabolites which contribute to its medicinal value are still in its infancy and are becoming an important limiting factor for utilizing the metabolites as therapeutic agent. Besides, isolation and characterization of active secondary metabolites responsible for various biological activities have not yet been structurally elucidated, mode of action, target organ of toxicity and molecular mechanism also need to be investigated. Further trials in humans are required to determine the efficacy of walnut extract or one or more of its constituents and to establish what, if any, adverse effects are observed.

9/23/2016World Journal of Pharmaceutical SciencesISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086Published by Atom and Cell Publishers © All Rights ReservedAvailable online at: http://www.wjpsonline.com

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TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA

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T. cordifolia is used in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of jaundice, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, and is also used as an immunostimulant. Experiments have examined its antineoplastic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and immunologic properties; however, few clinical trials exist.Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effectsAnimal dataAntioxidant effects

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Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), a reservoir plant fortherapeutic applications: A Review

Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi or Amrita) is an important drug of Ayurvedic System of Medicine and found mention in various classical texts for the treatment of diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes and skin disease etc. In present times, this drug has been subjected for numerous chemicals, pharmacological, pre-clinical and clinical investigations and many new therapeutic applications have been indicated. This paper presents a critical review in areas of chemical constituents, proved pre-clinical and clinical trials along with its medicinal uses in different streams of medical science

I Anti-cancer/anti-tumour activity:II. Anti Diabetic and Hyperglycaemic activity:III. Anti-inflammatory activity:IV. Antioxidant activity:V. Anti-stress activity:VI. Anti Ulcer activity:VII. Digestive activityVIII. Hypolipidaemic activity:IX. Immunobiological activities:X. Liver disorders:XI. Mental disorders:XII. Urinary calculi:XIII. Uraemia:

The therapeutic efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia extensively used in Indian System of Medicine (ISM) has been established through modern testing and evaluation (pre-clinical and clinical trials) in different disease conditions. These studies place this indigenous drug a novel candidate for bioprospection and drug development for the treatment of such diseases as cancer, liver disorders, ulcers, diabetes, heart diseases and postmenopausal syndrome, etc. where satisfactory cure managements are still not available

9/23/2016Indian Journal of Traditional KnowledgeVol. 3(3), July 2004, pp. 257-270

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Beneficial Effects of Tinospora cordifolia on Blood Profiles in Male Mice Exposed to Lead

This study was carried out to evaluate in vivo protective role of aqueous extract of stem and leaves ofTinospora cordifolia (TC) on the toxic effects of lead on the hematological values. The lead-treated (5 mg/kg body weight, intraperitonially, once daily)

. The animals exposed to lead showed significant decrease in RBC and Hb level. Significant decline in WBC, DLC, and PCV was also noticed. Increase in MCV values displaying reciprocal relationship with RBC, PCV, and Hb values in lead-treated mice were also recorded.

These influences of lead were prevented by concurrent daily administration of T. cordifolia stem and leaves extract. The decrease in PVC value in the blood of lead-treated mice indicated the increased destruction of erythrocytes, i.e., decrease in RBC count. These observations are inconsistent with several reports.[23–27] Decrease in WBCs by lead in the present study is in favor with earlier reports, which reported mild leucopenia in mice treated with lead. Resultant erythrocytopenia, leucopenia, and hemoglobinemia are considered as direct toxic effect of lead on the blood cells and hematopoietic system.

Decrease in DLC count by lead was also observed in the present investigation [Table 2]. Lymphocytopenia and neutropenia produced by lead is an indication of immunosuppression in this study. However administration of both extract of T. cordifolia produced moderate to significant effect in almost all the blood profiles. Several reports have suggested that T. cordifolia is used in the treatment of multiple disorders; it also enriches the blood.[7,28,29] When the T. cordifolia extract along with lead was administered, they decreased the toxic effect of lead in blood as compared to lead-treated animals

9/23/2016Toxicol Int 2010 Jan-Jun; 17(1): 8–11.doi:  10.4103/0971-6580.68341PMCID: PMC2964740

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Effect of Tinospora cordifolia on experimental diabetic neuropathy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of stem of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) on hyperalgesia

in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and in- vitro aldose reductase inhibition. RESULTS: The DC group demonstrated a decrease in the reaction time (hyperalgesia) compared to NC

while a significant increase in the reaction time was observed with SC, TC2 and TC3 groups (p<0.05) as compared to the DC group. TC1 and TC2 showed a significant reduction in body weight compared to their baseline values (p<0.05). There was no significant change in the fasting blood glucose (FBS) in any of the groups. In-vitro aldose reductase inhibition was observed with TC with an IC(50) of 103 mcg/ml.

CONCLUSIONS: Tinospora cordifolia prevents the hyperalgesia in experimental diabetic neuropathy. It has an

aldose reductase inhibitory activity in-vitro which may contribute to the beneficial effects.

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Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Sep-Oct;44(5):580-3. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.100380.

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Restoration of antioxidant defence by ethanolic Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan-induced diabetic liver and kidney.

The present study investigates the effect of oral administration of an alcoholic extract of Tinospora cordifolia roots on antioxidant defence in alloxan-induced diabetes in rats.

A significant increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and kidney was observed in diabetic rats. Decreased concentration of glutathione (GSH) and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase in liver and kidney of diabetic rats were also noted. Alcoholic Tinospora cordifolia root extract (TCREt) administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight to diabetic rats orally for six weeks normalized the antioxidant status of liver and kidney. The effect of Tinospora cordifolia root extract was more potent than glibenclamide (600 microg/kg body weight). Insulin (6 units/kg) restored all the parameters to normal status.

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PMID: 15478189 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1567

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Anti-inflammatory activity of Guduchi Ghana (aqueous extract of Tinospora Cordifolia Miers.).

Guduchi Ghana is one of the unique Ayuvedic classical preparation which is prepared from aqueous of extract of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers.) stem. It is one of the frequently used drugs to treat the Madhumeha, Pandu, Kamala, Amlapitta, Grahani, Kustha, Jirna Jwara and Viswamjwara, Trishna, Shool, Yakritavikara, etc. Looking to these indications, in market most of the Pharma industries prepared Guduchi Ghana by applying the various extraction process.

AIM:To evaluate comparative anti-inflammatory activity of classically prepared and market sample of Guduchi Ghana

RESULTS:Reduction in edema was observed in Group A and B at 3 h interval by 33.06% and 11.71% respectively. Group A showed significant effects (P < 0.05) in comparison to control group.

CONCLUSION:These experimental results have shown anti-inflammatory activity of Guduchi Ghana.

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Ayu. 2014 Jan;35(1):108-10. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.141958.

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Studies on Anti-oxidant activity of Tinospora cordifolia (Miers.) Leaves using in vitro models

we examined the anti-oxidant effects of leaves of Tinospora cordifolia. Dried and powered leaves of T. cordifolia were extracted with hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol and water. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of different solvent extracts were determined. Of the different solvent extracts, ethanol extract had the highest phenol and flavonoid content of 5.1±0.25 mg/g and 0.52±0.02 mg/g respectively. Antioxidant assays were carried out by using different in vitro models such as total reducing power, total antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Ethanol extract showed the highest total antioxidant activity of 41.4±0.45 μM Fe(II)/g. The EC50 values of ethanol extract for lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity was found to be 0.1 and 0.5 mg/ml respectively. The anti-oxidant activities of other solvent extracts were poor when compared to the ethanol extract.

9/23/2016Journal of American Science 2010;6(10)

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Carricca papaya

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Traditional medicineIn some parts of the world, papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria but the mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these results has been scientifically provenSeed extract: posses anti bacterial,anti fungal,anti amoebic activitiesUnripe seeds: posses Nephroprotective actionRich source of VITAMIN-C

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Does Carica papaya leaf-extract increase the platelet count? An experimental study in a murine model.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential role of fresh Carica papaya (C. papaya) leaf extract on

haematological and biochemical parameters and toxicological changes in a murine model.

CONCLUSIONS: Fresh C. papaya leaf extract significantly increased the platelet and RBC counts in the

test group as compared to controls. Therefore, it is very important to identify those chemicals of C. papaya leaves as it can be recommended to be used as a medication to boost thrombopoiesis and erythropoiesis in humans and in animals in which these cell lineages have been compromised.

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Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 Sep;3(9):720-4. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60145-8.

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Anticancer activity of Carica papaya: a review.

Carica papaya is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries and is used as food as well as traditional medicine to treat a range of diseases.

Increasing anecdotal reports of its effects in cancer treatment and prevention, with many successful cases, have warranted that these pharmacological properties be scientifically validated. A bibliographic search was conducted using the key words "papaya", "anticancer", and "antitumor" along with cross-referencing.

No clinical or animal cancer studies were identified and only seven in vitro cell-culture-based studies were reported; these indicate that C. papaya extracts may alter the growth of several types of cancer cell lines. However, many studies focused on specific compounds in papaya and reported bioactivity including anticancer effects.

This review summarizes the results of extract-based or specific compound-based investigations and emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to explore the bioactives in C. papaya for their anticancer activities

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Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013 Jan;57(1):153-64. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201200388. Epub 2012 Dec 5

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ANTIOXIDANT AND IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECT OF CARICA PAPAYA LINN. AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN ACRYLAMIDE INTOXICATED RATS

Introduction:

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and immunostimulant effects of The Carica papaya fruit aqueous extract (CPF, Caricaceae) against acrylamide induced oxidative stress and improvement of Immune functions which affected by free radicals liberating acrylamide in rats.

Acrylamide caused many adverse effects in the tissues reflected in significant increase in lipid peroxidation, decrease in glutathione levels and decreased activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The administration of papaya fruit aqueous extract alone or in combination with acrylamide significantly lowered lipid peroxidation, and enhanced glutathione levels, activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase as well as improves immune status reflected in increased Ig G and Ig M

9/23/2016Acta Inform Med. 2012 Sep; 20(3): 180–185.doi:  10.5455/aim.2012.20.180-185

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Papaya (Carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: fact or fable? Scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of Asia using a rat model.

Using controlled in vivo and in vitro pharmacological methods, we evaluated the safety of papaya (Carica papaya) consumption in pregnancy with reference to its common avoidance during pregnancy in some parts of Asia. Ripe papaya (Carica papaya L. (Caricaecae) blend (500 ml/l water) was freely given to four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats at different stages of gestation (days 1-5, 6-11, 12-17 and 1-20). The control group received water.

The effect of ripe papaya juice and crude papaya latex on pregnant and non-pregnant rats' uteri was also evaluated using standard isolated-organ-bath methods. The daily volumes (ml) of ripe papaya blend consumed by the treated group were significantly (P<0.05) more than water consumed by the control (control 40.3 (sd 11.6) v. treated 64 (sd 19.0)). No sign of fetal or maternal toxicity was observed in all the groups. In the in vitro study, ripe papaya juice (0.1-0.8 ml) did not show any significant contractile effect on uterine smooth muscles isolated from pregnant and non-pregnant rats; conversely, crude papaya latex (0.1-3.2 mg/ml) induced spasmodic contraction of the uterine muscles similar to oxytocin (1-64 mU/ml) and prostaglandin F(2 alpha) (0.028-1.81 microm). The response of the isolated rat uterine smooth muscles to 0.2 mg crude papaya latex/ml was comparable to 0.23 microm prostaglandin F(2 alpha) and 32 mU oxytocin/ml. In the 18-19 d pregnant rat uterus, the contractile effect of crude papaya latex was characterized by tetanic spasms.

9/23/2016PMID: 12144723 DOI: 10.1079/BJNBJN2002598Br J Nutr. 2002 Aug;88(2):199-203.

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The results of the present study suggest that normal consumption of ripe papaya during pregnancy may not pose any significant danger. However, the unripe or semi-ripe papaya (which contains high concentration of the latex that produces marked uterine contractions) could be unsafe in pregnancy. Though evaluation of potentially toxic agents often relies on animal experimental results to predict risk in man, further studies will be necessary to ascertain the ultimate risk of unripe papaya-semi-ripe papaya consumption during pregnancy in man.

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Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Carica papaya

Carica papaya is a neutraceutical plant having a wide range of pharmacological activates. The wide range of enzymes, vitamins present in Carica papaya makes it a neutraceutical plant. The present review is about all the prominent pharmacological activity, home remedies and side effects of Carica papaya. Papaya, botanical name Carica papaya, is an lozenge tropical fruit, often seen in orange-red, yellow-green and yellow-orange hues, with a rich orange pulp. The fruit is not just delicious and healthy, but whole plant parts, fruit, roots, bark, peel, seeds and pulp are also known to have medicinal properties.

The many benefits of papaya owed due to high content of Vitamins A, B and C, proteolytic enzymes like papain and chymopapain which have antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial properties.

9/23/2016chyJournal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year : 2013, Volume : 1, Issue : 1 First page : (7) Last page : (15) ISSN: 2320-3862 Online Available at www.plantsjournal.com

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Carica papaya can be used for treatment of a numerous diseases like warts, corns, sinuses, eczema, cutaneous tubercles, glandular tumors, blood pressure, dyspepsia, constipation, amenorrhoea, general debility, expel worms and stimulate reproductive organs and many, as a result Carica papaya can be regarded as a Neutraceutical.

The present article reviews the pharmacological uses of Carica papaya and side/toxic effects. Carica papaya contains an enzyme known as papain which is present in the bark, leaves and fruit. The milky juice is extracted, dried and used as a chewing gum for digestive problems, toothpaste and meat tenderizers.

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POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF CARICA PAPAYA LINN. - A MINI REVIEW

Carica papaya Linn. is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae

Conclusion: C.papaya acts as a multi faceted plant. It is also imperative to identify the mechanism of

the plant compounds and studying the active principle of the extract. C.papaya possesses rich source of vitamins, antioxidants, flavanoids, polyphenols, etc. and hence, regular intake of papaya will improve our health by quenching the free radicals generated in the body and enhance our immune system to fight against the foreign pathogens.

Thus, intake of papaya as fruit salads, fruit juice, leaf extract, decoction prepared through papaya leaves, etc. should be a part of our diet. However, including papaya seeds in any of the form should be avoided for young men and pregnant women since, it possess antifertility effects that was demonstrated well in animal models.

9/23/2016 International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 6, Issue 2, 2014

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An Investigation of the Antioxidant Property of Carica papaya Leaf Extracts from Mizoram, Northeast India . All the three extracts showed potential reducing activity by potassium ferricyanide reduction method. Free radical

scavenging activity was determined according to the elimination of DPPH radicals and it was found that Methanol extracts of C. papaya possess the highest radical scavenging activity. These findings suggested that the leaves of papaya might be used as natural antioxidants and can be acts as a major source for drug discovery.

The present study describes the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of C. papaya used in traditional medicine in Mizoram (Table 1). Plant contain high amount of Phenol and Phenolic compounds which are secondary metabolites and plays a vital role in the antioxidant as well as antimicrobial activity

Aqueous extract had the highest total phenol concentration (57.6 ± 4.69 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract) which is much higher than the Malaysian C papaya peel (15.18 μg GAE/mL) and seed (6.75 μg GAE/mL) reported by Ang et al. [9]. On the other hand methanol extract shows highest flavanoid content (0.34 ± 1.34 μg Quercetin equivalents (QE)/g extract).

Phenolic compound is responsible for the total antioxidant property of plant extracts since they are capable of scavenging free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Phenolic compound contains (-OH) in aromatic ring that confers scavenge free radicals [10,11]. Previous studies have shown that the presence of polyphenol and flavanoid can give a positive effect in scavenging reactive oxygen species. Majority of the phenolic compounds are flavanoid which have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-allergic activities [12,13]. Flavonoids and other phenolic have been suggested to play a preventive role in the development of cancer and heart disease

Research & Reviews: Journal of Botanical SciencesISSN: 2320-01899/23/2016