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Norma Frontalis
Norma Frontalis
• The anterior view of the skull.
• Presents an irregular surface with 3 excavations:
1. one nasal cavity2. two orbital cavities.
Six Regions of Norma Frontalis• Frontal Region• Orbital Region• Nasal Region• Zygomatic Region• Maxillary Region• Mandibular Region.
I. THE FRONTAL REGION
Boundaries:
Superior - top of the skull
Inferior - orbits and root of the nose - frontal process of the maxillae
Laterally - frontal process of the
zygomatic bone.
Characteristics Features:1. Frontal Tuberosity or
Eminence2. Superciliary Arch3. Glabella4. Nasion5. Supraorbital Margin6. Supraorbital Notch.
II. THE ORBITAL REGION
Bones involved:
1. Maxilla2. Zygomatic Bone3. Sphenoid Bone4. Frontal Bone5. Palatine Bone6. Ethmoid Bone7. Lacrimal Bone.
BOUNDARIES OF THE
ORBITAL CAVITY
Roof
- orbital plate of the frontal bone
- lesser wings of sphenoid.
Lateral wall
- Zygomatic process of the frontal bone
- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone
- Orbital plate of the greater wings of sphenoid.
Medial Wall
- Frontal process of the maxilla
- Lacrimal bone
- Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
- Body of sphenoid.
Floor
- Orbital plate of the maxilla
- Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone
- Orbital process of the palatine bone.
Base
Superiorly – frontal bone
Medially - frontal process of the maxilla
Laterally - frontal process of the zygomatic
bone
Inferiorly - Maxilla medially - zygomatic bone laterally.
Apex
- Formed by the convergence of the four walls.
OPENINGS INTO THE
ORBITAL CAVITY
Opening Location Structure
Orbital opening
5/6 of the eyeball
Supraorbital notch / foramen
Superior margin
Supraorbital nerves/vessels
Infraorbital groove and canal
Floor/orbital plate of maxilla
Infraorbital nerve and blood vessels
Nasolacrimal canal
Medial wall Nasolacrimal duct
Opening Location Structure
Inferior Orbital Fissure
Between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid
1. Maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch
2. Inferior Opthalmic vein
3. Sympathetic nerves
Opening Location StructureSuperior Orbital Fissure
Between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
1. Lacrimal N.2. Frontal N. 3. Trochlear N.4. Occulomotor
N. (upper and lower divisions)
5. Abducent N.6. Superior
Opthalmic Vein
Opening Location Structure
Anterior Ethmoidal Foramen
Frontal Bone 1. Nasociliary N.
2. Anterior Ethmoidal V. A. and N.
PosteriorEthmoidal Foramen
Frontal Bone 1. Posterior Ethmoidal V., A. and N.
Optic Canal Lesser Wing of Sphenoid
1. Optic N.2. Opthalmic
N.
III. THE NASAL REGION
Bones involved
1. Nasal Bone2. Frontal Bone3. Ethmoid Bone4. Sphenoid Bone5. Vomer6. Maxilla7. Palatine Bone8. Lacrimal Bone9. Inferior nasal Concha.
BOUNDARIES OF THE
NASAL CAVITY
Anterior – pyriform aperture
Posterior - Pharynx thru the posterior nares.
Superior Wall
1. Anterior – nasal bone -nasal process of the frontal bone
2. Middle- cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
3. Posterior- body of the sphenoid
Median Wall
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
- Vomer.
Lateral Wall
1. Contain turbinates or conchae which are bony elevations made up of:
a. Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid boneb. Inferior nasal conchae or turbinates
2. Bounded by the posterior nares3. Contain meatuses between nasal conchaes.
The Paranasal Sinuses
These are pneumatic bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
Functions:1. Lighten the bone of the skull2. Resonating chambers.
Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Meatus Sinus Drainage
Supreme or highest nasal meatus or spheno-ethmoidal recess
Sphenoidal sinus
Superior Nasal Meatus
Posterior ethmoidal sinus
Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity
Meatus Sinus Drainage
Middle nasal meatus Anterior and middle ethmoidal sinus; frontal sinus; and maxillary sinus
Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal duct
IV. THE ZYGOMATIC REGION
- forms the prominence of a cheek, contributes to the lateral orbital wall and floor, parts of the walls of temporal and infratemporal fossae and completes the zygomatic arch.
- roughly quadrangular with anteromedial and frontal processes.
- It can be described as having three surfaces, five borders and two processes.
Lateral View of the Zygomatic Bone
The Three Processes of the Zygomatic Bone:
1. Temporal process
2. Frontal process
3. Maxillary process
THE THREE SURFACES OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE
1. Anterolateral Surface
-is convex and pierced near its orbital border by the zygomaticofacial foramen (for the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels); below this zygomaticus minor and, posteriorly, zygomaticus major are attached.
2. Posteromedial Temporal Surface
- has a rough anterior area for articulation with the maxilla and a smooth, concave posterior area extending up posteriorly on its frontal process as the anterior aspect of the temporal fossa.
3. Orbital Surface
- smooth and concave, is the anterolateral part of the orbital floor and adjoining lateral wall, extending up on the medial aspect of its frontal process.
THE FIVE BORDERS OF THE ZYGOMATIC BONE
1. Orbital2. Maxillary3. Temporal4. Posteroinferior5. Posteromedial
OPENINGS OF THE ZYGOMATIC REGION
Foramen Location Structure
Zycomatico-facial foramen
Below the lateral part of the lower margin of the orbit
1. zygomatigo-facial branch of the Zygomatic N.
2. Lacrimal A.
Zygomatico-temporal foramen
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Zygomatico-temporal N. and blood vessels
V. MAXILLARY REGION
Characteristic Features:
1. Anterior nasal spine2. Infraorbital foramen3. Canine fossa4. Subnasal/incisive fossae5. Canine emminence6. Jugum or zygomatico-
alveolar arch7. Alveolar processes of the
maxilla.
Lateral View of the Maxilla
The 4 processes:1. Frontal process2. Zygomatic
process3. Alveolar process4. Palatine process.
OPENINGS OF THE MAXILLA IN NORMA FRONTALIS
Opening Location Structure
Infraorbital foramen
Below the infraorbital margin
Infraorbital N., A., and V.
Alveolar processes
Lower margin of the maxilla
Roots of maxillary teeth
VI. THE MANDIBULAR REGION
- Involves the mandible which is the strongest bone of the face
- Houses the lower teeth- Develops in 2 symmetrical halves which fuse
and ossify in the first year of life.
Characteristic Features of the Mandible
1. Symphisis menti2. Mental protruberance3. Alveolar processes4. Mental foramen.
OPENINGS IN THE
MANDIBLE
rOpening Location Structure
Mental foramen Between the apices of the mandibular premolars
Mental nerve
Alveolar processes
Upper border of the mandible
Roots of mandibular teeth
Mandibular foramen
Lingual side of the ramus of the mandible
Mandibular N.