RADIOLOGY OF NOSE AND

PARANASAL SINUSES

ANDREA R SALINS

Paranasal sinuses

Water’s view

Caldwell view

Lateral view

Submentovertical view

Right and left vertical view

Water’s view

Also called as occipitomental view or nose-chin position

In 1914,Dr C.A.Waters and C.W.Waldron,two British radiologists introduced this view

Nose and chin touch the film and X-ray beam is projected from occipital side

Open mouth view shows sphenoid sinus

Structures seen

Maxillary sinuses(seen best)

Frontal sinuses

Sphenoid sinus

Zygoma

Zygomatic arch

Nasal bone

Frontal process of maxilla

Superior orbital fissure

Intratemporal fossa

Caldwell view

Also called occipitofrontal view or

nose-forehead position

Eugene W Caldwell,in 1903 described

this view

Nose and forehead touch the film and

x-ray beam is projected 15-20º

caudally

Structures seen

Frontal sinuses(best)

Ethmoid sinuses,maxillary sinuses

Frontal process of of zygoma and

zygomatic process of frontal bone

Superior margin of orbit and lamina

papyracea

Superior orbital fissure

Foramen rotundum

Lateral view

Lateral side of skull lies against the

film and x-ray beam is projected

perpendicular from the other side

Fluid levels of all sinuses can be seen

Structures seen

Anterior and posterior extent of

sphenoid,frontal and maxillary sinuses

Sella tursica

Ethmoid sinuses

Alveolar process

Condyle and neck of mandible

Submento vertical (basal) view

This view is taken with vertex near the

film and x-ray beam projected at right

angles to the film from the submental

area

Structures seen

Sphenoid,posterior ethmoid and

maxillary sinuses(seen best in that

order)

Zygoma and zygomatic arch

Mandible

Right and left oblique view

X-rays for nasal fractures

Lateral view of nasal bones

Occlusal view of nasal bone

Water’s view

Water’s view

Fractures of right and left nasal bones

and their lateral displacement can be

seen

Water’s view

Advantages of X-ray imaging

Cost effectiveness

Easy availability

Disadvantages

Plain X-ray have false positivity of 4%

False negativity-more than 30%

Currently available digital imaging

techniques provide better bone and

soft tissue resolution when compared

to conventional X-ray

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