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Respiration presentation

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Page 1: Respiration presentation
Page 2: Respiration presentation

Vocabulary words

aerobic respiration

air sacs

alveolus

asthma

breathing

bronchiole

bronchus

cell respiration

gas exchange

diaphragm

epiglottis

gills glottis hemoglobin larynx (voicebox) lung Cancer lungs nasal cavity nose pharynx

pneumonia residual volume respiratory medium

respiratory surface rib muscles spiracle surface tension

tidal volume trachea or windpipe tracheae tuberculosis ventilation vital capacity vocal cords of the larynx

Page 3: Respiration presentation

Gas exchange supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and removes CO2 Gas exchange –

uptake of O2 from environment and discharge of CO2

Mitochondria need O2 to produce more ATP, CO2 is the by-product

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Diffusion rate α SA large α 1/d2 thin

Moist so gases are dissolved first

DIFFUSION

Page 4: Respiration presentation

Respiratory surfaces and gas exchange

Respiratory surface Size of organism Habitat Metabolic demands

Unicellular organisms Entire surface area

for diffusion

Simple invertebrates Sponges,

cnidarians, flatworms

diffusion

Page 5: Respiration presentation

Respiratory surfaces and gas exchange More complex

animals Thin, moist

epithelium Separates medium

from capillaries Entire outer skin

small, long, thin organisms

Specialized respiratory organs that are extensively folded and branched

Page 6: Respiration presentation

Gills in aquatic animals

Outfoldings of the body surface suspended in water

Sea stars Segmented worms

or polychaetes Molluscs and

crustaceans Fishes Young amphibians Total surface area is

greater than the rest of the body

Page 7: Respiration presentation

Just keep swimmin

g swimmin

g swimmin

g!

Water as a respiratory medium Surfaces are kept moist O2 concentrations in

water are low Ventilation – increasing

flow of respiratory medium over the surface

Countercurrent exchange – process in which two fluids flow in opposite directions, maximizing transfer rates

Why are gills impractical for land animals?

Page 8: Respiration presentation

Air as a respiratory medium Air has a higher

concentration of O2 O2 and CO2 diffuse

much faster in the air less ventilation

Difficulty of keeping surface moist

Solution: respiratory infolding inside the body

Tracheal system of insects – network of tubes that bring O2 to every cell

Spiracles

Page 9: Respiration presentation

Lungs Heavily vascularized

invaginations of the body surface restricted to one location

Found in spiders, terrestrial snails, vertebrates

Amphibians supplement lung breathing with skin

Turtles supplement lung breathing with moist surfaces in mouth and anus

Page 10: Respiration presentation

Mammalian respiration

Page 11: Respiration presentation

Extra pictures

Page 12: Respiration presentation

Lung ventilation through breathing

Positive pressure breathing in frogs

“Gulping in” air

Negative pressure breathing in reptiles and mammals

Rib muscles and diaphragm change lung volume and pressure

Page 13: Respiration presentation

Lung volumes Factors

Sex Height Smoking Physical activity Altitude

Tidal volume Volume of air inhaled

and exhaled with each breath

Vital capacity Maximum volume

inhaled and exhaled during forced breathing

Residual volume Air left in alveoli after

forced exhalation

Page 14: Respiration presentation

Avian breathing

Air sacs act as bellows to keep air flowing through the lungs.

Page 15: Respiration presentation

Control centers in the brain regulate breathing

Page 16: Respiration presentation

Gases diffuse down pressure gradients

concentration and pressure drives the movement of gases into and out of blood