Sweetener - II

Natural sources

of

Sweeteners

(Sweeteners: Part – II)

Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India

AdvAntAges of nAturAl sweeteners

No calorific value

Cause the least possible side-effect

Qualitative & quantitative improvement of

sweeteners is within the reach of biologists

through modern breeding and biotechnology

techniques.

PPRC/INDIA 01

Thaumatococcus daniellii (Bennett) Benth.

PPRC/INDIA 02

Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.

Family: Marantaceae

Miraculous fruit

Distribution in West Africa

Aril of fruit

PPRC/INDIA 03

Sweetening principle: Protein – Thaumatin

(Trade name Talin I & II)

Sweetening intensity: 5000 times than sucrose

Uses: to sweeten bread, fruits, palm wine, tea,

coffee

Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.

PPRC/INDIA 04

Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels

PPRC/INDIA 05

Family: Menispermaceae

Berry from West Africa

Sweetening principle: Protein – Monellin

Sweetening intensity: 1500 – 3000 times

sweeter than sugar

Taste life: max 24 hrs.

Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels

PPRC/INDIA 06

Stevia rebaudiana

PPRC/INDIA 07

Family: Asteraceae

Cultivated in Japan & S.E. Asia

Leaves are useful

Sweetening principle:

Diterpene glycosides

Rebaudioside A-E

Dulcoside A & B

Stevia rebaudiana

PPRC/INDIA 08

Sweetening intensity: 300 times sweeter than

sugar

Uses: Sweetening drinks, tea, coffee, used for

treating diabetes

Stevia rebaudiana

PPRC/INDIA 09

Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii

PPRC/INDIA 10

From Malaysia, N.E. India

Common names: Seville orange or Shaddock,

Grapefruit

Part: Fruit


PPRC/INDIA 11

Sweetening principle: Flavonoid derivatives,

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcones

Sweetening intensity: 600 – 1000 times

sweeter than sugar


PPRC/INDIA 12

Zero calorie sweeteners

Brazzein: West Africa

Curculin: Fruit of Curculigo latifolia from

Malaysia

Lue Han Cuo: Monk fruit in China

Miraculin: West Africa

PPRC/INDIA 13

Monellin: Berry from Central & West Africa

Penadin: Climbing plant from West Africa

Stevia: Native to South America

Stevioside: Extract of plant from South

America

Zero calorie sweeteners

PPRC/INDIA 14

Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton

PPRC/INDIA 15

Family: Polypodiaceae

Known as Liquorice fern

Distribution: Coastal Alaska, Central

California

Plant part: Rhizome


PPRC/INDIA 16

Sweetening principle: Triterpene glycoside-

glycyrrhizin

Sweetening intensity: 50 – 100 times as sweet

as sugar


PPRC/INDIA 17

Polypodium vulgare Linn.

PPRC/INDIA 18

Family: Polypodiaceae

Wall fern, European polypody

Useful plant part: rhizome

Sweetening principle: steroid saponin, osladin

Sweetening intensity: 3000 times as sweet as

sucrose

Very low yield

Polypodium vulgare Linn.

PPRC/INDIA 19

Myrrhis odorata

PPRC/INDIA 20

Family: Apiaceae

Known as sweet cicely, sweet cheroil

Distributed in Europe, West Asia

Fresh whole plant useful

Sweetening principle: phenylpropanoid-trans anethole

Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than sugar

Myrrhis odorata

PPRC/INDIA 21

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)

PPRC/INDIA 22

Tea of heaven

Distributed in Japan, Korea

Useful plant part: Leaves

Sweetening principle: Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol


sugar

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)

PPRC/INDIA 23

Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt

PPRC/INDIA 24

Family: Lamiaceae

Known as Perilla mint, wild coleus

Whole plant is useful

Sweetening principle: Monoterpene-perillartine

(Perillaldehyde)

Sweetening intensity: 2000 times as sweet as

sugar

Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt

PPRC/INDIA 25

Engelhardia roxburghiana wall

PPRC/INDIA 26

Family: Juglandoceae

E. chrysolepis Hance

Known as Huang-qui (Chinese)

Distributed in India, China, Indo-china,

Malaysia

Leaves are useful


PPRC/INDIA 27

Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavonol

glycoside-neoastibine huangqioside,

neohuangquiside

Leaves used to make sweet tea

Sweetness increases on heating


PPRC/INDIA 28

Periandra dulcis Mart.

PPRC/INDIA 29

Family: Fabiaceae

Distributed in Brazil

Root useful part

Sweetening principle: Periandrin I-IV

Glycorrhizin

Used as Liquorice substitute

Periandra dulcis Mart.

PPRC/INDIA 30

Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)

PPRC/INDIA 31

Family: Asteraceae

Arrow weed

Distributed in Paraguay, Tropical America

Young shorts useful

Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavanol

(Dihydroquercetin-3-acetate)

Sweetening intensity: 80 times sweeter than sugar

Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)

PPRC/INDIA 32

Abrus precatorius Linn.

PPRC/INDIA 33

Family: Fabaceae

Known as Crab’s eye, Indian Liquorice

Distributed in tropics

Leaves are useful part


PPRC/INDIA 34

Sweetening principle: Cycloartane glycoside

Glycorrhizin

Sweetening intensity: 30 – 100 times sweeter

than sugar


PPRC/INDIA 35

Lippia dulci Trev.

PPRC/INDIA 36

Family: Verbenaceae

Known as Honey herb

Distributed in Central America, West Indies

A small shrubby herb, flowers are white

Aerial parts useful

Lippia dulci Trev.

PPRC/INDIA 37

Sweetening principle: Sesquiterpene-

hernandulcin

Sweetening intensity: 1000 times sweeter

than sugar

Lippia dulci Trev.

PPRC/INDIA 38

Illicium verum Hook F.

PPRC/INDIA 39

Family: Illicinaceae

Distributed in South China

A slow growing tree

Useful plant part: dried fruits

Used in flavouring liquors and medicines


PPRC/INDIA 40

Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-

trans-Anethole


sugar


PPRC/INDIA 41

Piper marginatum Jacq.

PPRC/INDIA 42

Piper marginatum Jacq.

Family: Piperaceae

Dried leaves are useful

Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-

trans-Anethole


sugarPPRC/INDIA 43

Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.

PPRC/INDIA 44

Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.

Family: Hypoxidaceae

Distributed in India and Malaysia

A rhizomatous polygamous herb

Useful part: Fruit

Sweetening principle: Protein “Curculin”

PPRC/INDIA 45

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

PPRC/INDIA 46

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Family: Apiaceae

Known as Fennel

Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean regions

A perennial herb

Fresh aerial parts are useful

Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-trans-

AnetholePPRC/INDIA 47

Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.

PPRC/INDIA 48


Family: Apiaceae

Also known as Smooth sweet cicely

Distributed in North and South America

A perennial herb

PPRC/INDIA 49


Sweetening principle: Phenylpropanoid-

trans-Anethole


sugar

PPRC/INDIA 50

Fraxinus spp.

PPRC/INDIA 51

Fraxinus spp.

Family: Oleaceae

European ash

Distributed in East Asia, North America,

Mediterranean regions

A small tree

Useful part: Stem

Sweetening principle: MannitolPPRC/INDIA 52

Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)C. Jeffrey

PPRC/INDIA 53

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Distributed in China

Tendril climber with root tubers

Sweetening principle: Cucurbitane glycoside -

mogroside V.

Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)C. Jeffrey

PPRC/INDIA 54

Tagetes filifolia Lag

PPRC/INDIA 55


Family: Asteraceae

Known as Irish lace

Distributed in Mexico

Fresh whole much branched annual herb

PPRC/INDIA 56


Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-

trans-Anethole and Estragole

Sweetening intensity: trans-Anethole is 13

times sweeter than sugar

PPRC/INDIA 57

Ocimum basilicum Linn.

PPRC/INDIA 58


Family: Lamiaceae

Known as Sweet Basil

Distributed in old world tropics

An aromatic herb

Fresh aerial parts are useful

PPRC/INDIA 59


Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-

trans-Anethole and Estragole in volatile oil


sugar

PPRC/INDIA 60

Taste modifying sugar substitutes

PPRC/INDIA 61

These plants have certain chemical principles

which have the property of modifying the taste

of foods, making sour or bitter foods taste

sweet.

They temporarily suppress the sensitivity to

sweet substances

PPRC/INDIA 62

Synsepalum dulcificum (Schum.) Daniell

PPRC/INDIA 63


Family: Sapotaceae

Miraculous berry / fruit

Found in West tropical Africa

Limited food application

Extraction difficult

PPRC/INDIA 64


The fruits contain a glycoprotein – Miraculin

which is taste modifier of sour foods with the

sweet taste persisting for 1 – 2 hours

PPRC/INDIA 65

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

PPRC/INDIA 66

Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.

Family: Asclepiadaceae

A large woody climber of Asia, Africa and

Australia

Ovate leaves, yellow flowers, follicles large

seeds winged

Leaves contain “gymnemic acid” a taste

modifying substancePPRC/INDIA 67

Cynara scolymus Linn.

PPRC/INDIA 68


Family: Asteraceae

A coarse perennial herb

Pinnate leaves, purple flowers

Native of Mediterranean region

PPRC/INDIA 69


Taste modifying substance Caffeolocunic acid,

Chlorogenic acid, Cynarin

Sweet taste persists for 4 – 5 hours

PPRC/INDIA 70

Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.

PPRC/INDIA 71

Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.

Family: Pinaceae

A tall conifer of Central Europe

Taste modifying substance: “Melezitore”

PPRC/INDIA 72

Roots and tubers of some plants contain high

quantity of Insulin which is converted to D-

Fructose, basically better tolerated by Diabetes

than any other carbohydrate

Therefore, high fructose sweeteners (HFS) are

being developed to suit diabetic nutrition charts

Diabetic bread, other confectionary using insulin

/ HFS are being manufactured

PPRC/INDIA 73

Dahlia

PPRC/INDIA 74

Helianthus

PPRC/INDIA 75

Inula

PPRC/INDIA 76

Cichorium

PPRC/INDIA 77

Castanea

PPRC/INDIA 78

Carpesium

PPRC/INDIA 79

Campanula

PPRC/INDIA 80

Thank you!!

Health & Medicine

Sweetener - II