Upper Jordan River Hyropolitical Baseline (ZeitounEidSabbaghDajaniTalhami)

Hydro-‐poli*cal Baseline of the Upper Jordan River

The Associa+on of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al

Mark Zeitoun, Karim Eid-‐Sabbagh, Muna Dajani, and Michael Talhami

www.uea.ac.uk/watersecurity/

publica2ons

Has a9en*on been diverted

from a diversion

scheme that was never realised?

Why a hydropoli2cal baseline?

1. Tensions that could start a war 2. Sustainable water and economic development of the South 3. Gaps in basic data 4. To clarify confusion over perceived and actual issues

an-‐Nahar 21 Feb 1995, in Amery (2000: Figure 5.2)

Lake of Tiberias

Upper Jordan River

Lower Jordan River

Yarmouk River

Dead Sea

Focus (instead) on the Upper Jordan

•  The UJR Flows: loca2on, quan2ty and quality? •  How asymmetric is the distribu2on? •  How was the asymmetry achieived, and how is it maintained? •  How important is water in the Lebanon-‐Israel conflict?

•  partners – AFIAL, and Ibrahim Abd el Al •  research team – Eid-‐Sabbagh, Dajani, Talhami •  historical record, interviews, hydrological records, official statements, etc •  mul2-‐disciplinary approach: hydrology, poli2cal science, interna2onal

rela2ons, law, hydro-‐geology, hydro-‐hegemony, discourses etc

to understand the hydro-‐poli2cal landscape with a view to legal re-‐

distribu2on of the UJR

Ques+ons

Goal

Method

Upper Jordan River Hydropoli2cal Baseline Study

HYDROPOLITICAL BASELINE

THEORY

THE FLOWS

OCCUPIED LANDS

WATER USE

2006 Summer War

THE RECORD

POWER/ BORDERS

CONCLUSIONS DISCUSSION


THEORY

1997 UN Watercourses Conven3on: 3 principles •  ‘prior no2fica2on’ •  ‘no significant harm’ •  ‘equitable and reasonable use’

+ 2008 Dra= Aquifer Ar3cles

Interna2onal Transboundary Water-‐sharing norms

•  ‘prior use’

•  state sovereignty (‘Harmon Doctrine’)

Interna*onal Water Law

Others

Ar2cle 52 (1) of the Geneva Conven2on’s Addi2onal Protocol 1: ‘protec2on of civilian objects which are not military objec2ves’

Ar2cle 54 (Para. 2) and Ar2cle 55 of Addi2onal Protocol 1:

protec2on of the “Natural Environment” and “Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian popula2on”

Interna2onal Conven2on on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Ar2cle 11(1)):

Destruc2on of civilian water infrastructure is a viola2on of the right to an adequate standard of living.

Other interna2onal norms relevant to water: IHL and HR to water

see Tignino 2010

Human Right to Water

UN General Assembly 2010 Human Right to Water: “declares the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanita2on as a human right that is essen2al for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights”

UN Commifee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: General Comment 15

Interna*onal Humanitarian Law


WATER USE

Use in 2011 from surface water and groundwater in the Upper Jordan River Basin and related aquifers: Country Flow Use Syria

Lebanon Israel

Current Water Use

[million cubic metres per year] 0 n/a

~11 local irriga2on and domes2c [via Wazzani PS +]

360 – 520 Irriga2on locally and in Negev desert (+ through wastewater reuse), and domes2c (1/3 of total freshwater consump2on comes from Lake of Tiberias) [via Na2onal Water Carrier]

Lebanon claim: 35-‐55 [‘Johnston alloca2on’ -‐ equitable and reasonble share]

FNA (1921d) ETUDE GENERALE DE LA FRONTIERE PROBABLE vers METELLI et du pays au N. et au SUD, immédiatement des deux côtés de (la) fron+ère. De l'Inspecteur des Travaux Publics de l'Etate du Grand Liban. French Na2onal Archives in Nantes, Archives des postes diploma2ques, consulaires, culturels et de coopera2on: Caisse 450; Fonds -‐ "Beyrouth"/2e versement; Serie -‐ Service Techniques « Hydraulique ».

The 1921 French report counted: •  Six water mills, located on the Hasbani mainstream (named or located:

near Souk al Khan; Maria -‐ just upstream of Ghajar; Moutran; Hadj Khalil; and Souk, near the canal of the Emir);

•  Three irriga*ons canals (one downstream of Ghajar, and two upstream – one of which was es2mated at 5km long and irriga2ng an es2mated 600 dunums with 3,000 m3 per day in summer [~1.1 MCM/y] on the “right side of the Hasbani”); and

•  Associated dams and impoundments for the above.

(1921) Prior Water Use in Lebanon

+ Sursock concession

(1914)

+ Suleiman Bey Nassif and Dr

Fakhoury (1928)


THE FLOWS

HulehLake

Lake of Tiberias

Banias Springs

HasbaniSprings

WazzaniSprings

HasbaniRiver

LiddanRiver

BaniasRiver

UPPER JORDAN RIVER

LiddanSprings

LOWERJORDAN RIVER

Hasbaya

Metulla

Banias

Kuneitra

Ghajar

a) Pre-1916 Ottoman Empire

“El Ghadjar”(Ghajar)

“Metelli”(Metulla)

Banias“N

. Led

dan”

(Lid

dan

Rive

r)

“N. A

ssal”

(El A

sl st

ream

)

“N. B

anias”

(Banias River)

“N. H

asba

ni”

(Has

bani

Riv

er)

“Lac du Houlé”(Huleh Lake)

“Mer

dj A

youn

”(M

arja

youn

)

(FNA 1921)

+Groundwater

Hasbani Liddan

Banias

Hasbani

Liddan

Banias

Main sources of the Upper Jordan

(MacGregor 2002 [1870]: 175) Source of the Hasbani – at Hasbaya

Source of the Hasbani – at Hasbaya

HasbaniBasin

Banias Basin

Liddan Basin

Hasbaya

ISRAEL

LEBANON

SYRIAOccupied SYRIANGOLAN

UNDOFAdministered

Zone

Mt Hermon

Cheba’a Farms

Mediterranean Sea

LEBANON

SYRIA

JORDAN

ISRAEL

Lake Tiberias Basin

El Wazzani

Banias

Banias R i ver

el Asl

Stream

Has

bani

River

Lidd

an R

iver

Ajou n Stream

Based on Rimmer and Salingar (2006). Data for basins, rivers and boundaries (except occupied Golan): Hartman 2008.

Mapping: Doris SummerBeirut, 2011

10 km

Metulla

Ghajar

Ajoun catchment

area

Main sources of the Upper Jordan

HasbaniBasin

Banias Basin

Liddan Basin

Hasbaya

ISRAEL

LEBANON

SYRIAOccupied SYRIANGOLAN

UNDOFAdministered

Zone

Mt Hermon

Cheba’a Farms

Mediterranean Sea

LEBANON

SYRIA

JORDAN

ISRAEL

Lake Tiberias Basin

El Wazzani

Banias

Banias R i ver

el Asl

Stream

Has

bani

River

Lidd

an R

iver

Ajou n Stream

Based on Rimmer and Salingar (2006). Data for basins, rivers and boundaries (except occupied Golan): Hartman 2008.

Mapping: Doris SummerBeirut, 2011

10 km

Metulla

Ghajar

Ajoun catchment

area

HSI Yearbooks 1949-‐1977, 1959-‐2004, and 1992-‐2004, and Klein (1998) for 1977-‐1992.

1949 – 2004 annual river flows

!

Banias 114 (+/-‐ 30%) !

Hasbani 143 (+/-‐ 43%)

!

Liddan 241 (+/-‐ 10%)

[million cubic metre per year, measured upstream of their confluence point]

most of the base flow provided by the Wazzani Springs

base flow much larger + more secure

(Kafri and Lang 1979, from Brielmann 2008: Fig. 10) (labels added).

Transboundary groundwater flows – rough es2mate 250 – 350 [million cubic metre per year]

Banias Hasbani Liddan Ajoun Groundwater

114 (variable, vulnerable to pollu2on) 143 (variable, vulnerable to pollu2on) 241 (stable, somewhat vulnerable to pollu2on) (?) 250 – 350 (stable, less vulnerable)

Summary of the Upper Jordan River Flows

[million cubic metres per year]


POWER/ BORDERS

“Mtelle”(Metulla)

B anias

(Kuneitra)

par l’accord Sykes-Picot”

”Lac de Houlé ”(Hula Marshes)

Sykes-Picot Agreement)

demandée par the G’t anglais”

(Border adjustment requestedby the English Goverment)

“Koneirtra”

So[ Power: 1920 Hydropoli2cal Border Shiv – lobbied for

HulehLake

Lake of Tiberias

Banias Springs

HasbaniSprings

WazzaniSprings

HasbaniRiver

LiddanRiver

BaniasRiver

UPPER JORDAN RIVER

LiddanSprings

LOWERJORDAN RIVER

Hasbaya

Metulla

Banias

Kuneitra

Ghajar

BRITISH MANDATEPALESTINE

FRENCH MANDATESYRIA

FRENCH MANDATELEBANON

d) 1923 border

Border 1923 -‐ 1967

So[ Power: 1923 Hydropoli2cal Border Shiv – obtained

1953 Syria army thwarts Israeli afempt

(successful)

1964 Israel completes NWC at Tiberias

(status quo ‘2l present)

1965 PLO afacks NWC (unsuccessful)

1965 Israel army thwarts diversion afempt (successful)

1953 Israel afempts

construc2on of NWC from B’nat Yacoub Bridge

1965 Syria afempts to divert Hasbani away from NWC

Hard Power: military ac2on over water 1950s & 1960s

Cheba’a

Farms

HulehLake

Lake of Tiberias

Banias Springs

HasbaniSprings

WazzaniSprings

HasbaniRiver

LiddanRiver

BaniasRiver

UPPER JORDAN RIVER

LiddanSprings

LOWERJORDAN RIVER

Hasbaya

Metulla

Banias

Kuneitra

Ghajar

ISRAEL

LEBANON

SYRIA

e) post 1948 border+ 1967 Israeli occupation of Golan

Cheba’a

Farms

HulehLake

Lake of Tiberias

Banias Springs

HasbaniSprings

WazzaniSprings

HasbaniRiver

LiddanRiver

BaniasRiver

UPPER JORDAN RIVER

LiddanSprings

LOWERJORDAN RIVER

Hasbaya

Metulla

Banias

Kuneitra

Ghajar

ISRAEL

LEBANON

SYRIA

e) post 1948 border+ 1967 Israeli occupation of Golan

1967 Israeli occupa*on of Golan +

(1920 borders achieved)

Hard Power: Military acquisi2on and relinquishing of territory: a water impera2ve?

Cheba’a

Farms

HulehLake

Lake of Tiberias

Banias Springs

HasbaniSprings

WazzaniSprings

HasbaniRiver

LiddanRiver

BaniasRiver

UPPER JORDAN RIVER

LiddanSprings

LOWERJORDAN RIVER

Hasbaya

Metulla

Banias

Kuneitra

Ghajar

ISRAEL

LEBANON

SYRIA

f ) Maximum Israeloccupation border (<2000)

2000: (near) return to 1967 borders

1982 – 2000 (maximum occupa*on)

Was WATER an interest in the

territorial conquests (as in the 1950s) ??


OCCUPIED LANDS

Interests in CHEBA’A

1. Water

2. Ski Resorts

3. Military-‐strategic

Water, Ski-‐ing, and military in Cheba’a

[all images taken from Google Earth, February 2012]

Lebanon

Occupied Cheba’a Farms

4. site of Abraham’s Covenant of the Pieces

Religious sites in Cheba’a

[all images taken from Google Earth, February 2012]

Summary of the interests in occupa2on of Cheba’a

Water Military Ski-‐ing Religious

1. -‐ ? 2. -‐ ? 3. -‐ ? 4. -‐ Ski-‐ing

Priority ?

Water is a component, alongside other components (not a primary driver). Especially Liddan recharge area; But the volumes involved are not cri2cal …

à Israel ‘water-‐security’ discourse (discussed in the UJR Study)

Interests in GHAJAR

Lebanon Syria -‐ Golan

(occupied by Israel)

Ghajar -‐ north

(occupied by Israel)Ghajar -‐ south

Wazzani Springs

Hasbani River

Lebanon

© Sébas2en Pellissier

Occupa2on of Ghajar / Wazzani Springs

Cheba’a (Lebanon)

unofficial Israeli response: Shimon Peres -‐ “We do not want a flare-‐up, but we will not give up water” (Sedan 2002)

official Israeli response: “ …unilateral ac2on by Lebanon would be unacceptable to Israel.”

+ heavy winter rains: •  Lebanon built Wazzani PS, but: •  right to abstract lev unresolved...

Lebanese response: ‘Lebanon has right to a legal share’

[see Maternowski 2006, Alles 2010] Wazzani Springs Pumping Sta2on – War of Words in 2002

è US, UN and EU media2on`

Hasbani River +!

Wazzani Springs Pumping Sta2on on Hasbani River (completed 2002)

Ralf Klingbeil, 2010

Design Capacity: 4.4 MCM/y (<14% of Lebanese claim, <1% of Israel abstrac2ons from Tiberias)

Actual Abstrac+ons: less (lack of diesel, maintenance)

Summary of the interests in Wazzani Springs / occupying Ghajar

Water Military Ski-‐ing Religious? Will of the residents?

1. -‐ ? 2. -‐ ? 3. -‐ ? 4. -‐ ?

Priority ?

Water is a component, alongside other components (not a primary driver) Flows of Wazzani more imporant than Hasbani… but s2ll not cri2cal….

à Israel ‘water-‐security’ discourse (discussed in the UJR Study)


2006 Summer War

Cheba’a

Yaroun

Khiam

Insar

Jbaa

Blida

Zrariye

Hasbaiya

Houla

Chaqra

Blat

Rmaich

Qlaiaa

Kfar Chouba

Zabqine

Babliye

Hebbariye

Aabbassiye

Jouaya

Taibe

Yohmor

Tyre

Aaitaroun

Doueir

Naqoura

Rihane

Kfar Sir

Kfour

Aabba

Sarba

Barich

Sarafand

Aalma ech Chaab

Kaoukaba

Aanqoun

Aadloun

Kfar Kila

Jibchit

Merouaniye

Mari

Soultanieh

Insariye

Aalmane

Harouf

Markaba

Arzay

El Majidiye

Kfar Roummane

Zefta

El Biyada

Habbouch

Chihine

Ez Zahrani

Bent Jbail

Aaramta

Barti

Qasmiye

Mansouri

Toufahta

Jarjouaa

Fardis

Braiqaa

Aazze

Marjayoun

Mlikh

Kharayeb

Qraiye

Dlafy

Aita Ech Chaab

Majdel Selm

Ebel es Saqi

Borj ech Chmali

Bedias

Kfar Melki

Aadaisse

Baissariye

Maaroub

Deir Qanoun

Bourghliye

Jebbain

Yarine Maroun er Ras

Hassaniye

Tair Harfa

Khartoum

Sidon

Kfar Hamam

Ain Jerfa

Aaddoussiye

Saksakiye

Tanbourit

Haret SaidaDarb es Sim

Louaiziye

Kfar Jarra

Siddiqine

Wazzani

Ramiya

Chama’a MheibibBeit Yahoun

QantaraGhandourieh

Aitit Majdel

QaouzahBeit Lif

Sribbine

Aita El-Jabel

Tallousa

Baraachit

S T A T E B O U N D A R I E SC a z a

Boundaries of occupied Cheba’a Farms

Damages to housing units: UNHCR 2006 and GOL 2006; Damages to water reservoirs: SLWE (2006), Water and Sanitation Cluster 2006 (UNICEF). Administrative boundaries: Database of the National Master Plan for Lebanon, 2005. Mapping: Doris Summer, 2011.

0 5 10 15 km

equivalent to 1,800 units

Totally destroyedPartially DestroyedSeverly damaged

Destruction of Housing Units

Damages to Public Water Reservoirs1 Reservoi Damaged Reservoir

Destroyed Reservoirr

2 Reservoirs3 Reservoirs4 Reservoirs

S Y R I A

I S R A E L

Israel Direct damage: •  Safad WWTP Indirect damage: •  3 WWTP (e.g. Haifa) Lebanon Direct damage: •  20 pumping sta2ons •  thousands of roovop tanks •  100s of km distrib’n pipes •  200-‐700 transformers •  55 public reservoirs etc + indirect damage

Some damages to water infrastructure in Lebanon and Israel

Typical drinking water system in southern Lebanon

Zeitoun

Zeitoun

2006 Summer War

Zeitoun Water reservoirs in Lebanon damaged during the 2006 Summer War, showing a range of the nature of the damages. Siddiquine: no direct damage to reservoir; Chama'a: ‘indiscriminate’ and ‘deliberate’; Ramiya: ‘deliberate’.

Cheba’a

Yaroun

Khiam

Insar

Jbaa

Blida

Zrariye

Hasbaiya

Houla

Chaqra

Blat

Rmaich

Qlaiaa

Kfar Chouba

Zabqine

Babliye

Hebbariye

Aabbassiye

Jouaya

Taibe

Yohmor

Tyre

Aaitaroun

Doueir

Naqoura

Rihane

Kfar Sir

Kfour

Aabba

Sarba

Barich

Sarafand

Aalma ech Chaab

Kaoukaba

Aanqoun

Aadloun

Kfar Kila

Jibchit

Merouaniye

Mari

Soultanieh

Insariye

Aalmane

Harouf

Markaba

Arzay

El Majidiye

Kfar Roummane

Zefta

El Biyada

Habbouch

Chihine

Ez Zahrani

Bent Jbail

Aaramta

Barti

Qasmiye

Mansouri

Toufahta

Jarjouaa

Fardis

Braiqaa

Aazze

Marjayoun

Mlikh

Kharayeb

Qraiye

Dlafy

Aita Ech Chaab

Majdel Selm

Ebel es Saqi

Borj ech Chmali

Bedias

Kfar Melki

Aadaisse

Baissariye

Maaroub

Deir Qanoun

Bourghliye

Jebbain

Yarine Maroun er Ras

Hassaniye

Tair Harfa

Khartoum

Sidon

Kfar Hamam

Ain Jerfa

Aaddoussiye

Saksakiye

Tanbourit

Haret SaidaDarb es Sim

Louaiziye

Kfar Jarra

Siddiqine

Wazzani

Ramiya

Chama’a MheibibBeit Yahoun

QantaraGhandourieh

Aitit Majdel

QaouzahBeit Lif

Sribbine

Aita El-Jabel

Tallousa

Baraachit

S T A T E B O U N D A R I E SC a z a

Boundaries of occupied Cheba’a Farms

Damages to housing units: UNHCR 2006 and GOL 2006; Damages to water reservoirs: SLWE (2006), Water and Sanitation Cluster 2006 (UNICEF). Administrative boundaries: Database of the National Master Plan for Lebanon, 2005. Mapping: Doris Summer, 2011.

0 5 10 15 km

equivalent to 1,800 units

Totally destroyedPartially DestroyedSeverly damaged

Destruction of Housing Units

Damages to Public Water Reservoirs1 Reservoi Damaged Reservoir

Destroyed Reservoirr

2 Reservoirs3 Reservoirs4 Reservoirs

S Y R I A

I S R A E L

2006 Summer War

Israel Direct damage: •  Safad WWTP Indirect damage: •  3 WWTP (e.g. Haifa) Lebanon Direct damage: •  20 pumping sta2ons •  thousands of roovop tanks •  100s of km distrib’n pipes •  200-‐700 transformers •  55 public reservoirs etc + indirect damage

South Lebanon Water Establishment (SLWE 2006).

2006 Summer War Reservoir part of Wazzani Springs project

Water was target of war Water as tool of war Viola*ons of Interna2onal Humanitarian Law Viola*on of Human Right to Water à erosion of interna2onal norms [sov power] Hydropoli2cal mo2ve (Wazzani PS): indirect [sov power]

Summary of water and 2006 Summer War


THE RECORD

1916 -‐ 1948 1948-‐ 1967 1967 -‐ 1978 1978 -‐ 2000 2000 -‐-‐>

IsraelLebanonSyria

British Mandate PalestineFrench Mandate Syria / Lebanon

2000 20021978196719481916

0%

100%

0%

100%

0%

100%

MILITARY/

POLITICAL

EVENTS

1948 Nakba,

1978 -‐ 2000 2002 2006

1916

1920

TREATIES

1954-‐561921 1993

1964

1965

1923

Control over Territory

Control over Water

Use of Water


CONCLUSIONS

Biophysical Academic Poli*cal

Some conclusions

•  Significant data gaps in surface and groundwater flows, quality and use •  Groundwater flows are more important than river flows

•  Control is achieved through sov then hard power, and maintained by sov (deterrent) power (‘remote control’) •  Control of water without control of territory (à de-‐territorialisa2on debates) •  Israel’s hegemonic posi2on in the basin has limits (a hegemon without hegemony?)

•  Control of the Hasbani is centred on the Wazzani Springs/Ghajar •  Control of the Upper Jordan is centred on the Liddan and Banias/Cheba’a •  There is a ‘historic debt’ / grounds or a ‘prior use’ argument for re-‐distribu2on (on top of the legal argument) • Water re-‐distribu2on prevented by Israeli ‘water-‐security’ discourse

•  Israeli interests / dependance on UJR is changing (desalina2on);

• Water conflict will shiv with shiving poli2cal context;

•  Poten2al flashpoints of armed conflict: groundwater development; water quality issues (olive oil residue);

•  re-‐ac2ve diplomacy at such 2mes will constrain issues, not resolve them;

•  Asymmetry can be entrenched, if basin-‐wide approach not taken.

Some conclusions (con’t.) -‐ last slide!

Future

Mark Zeitoun, Karim Eid-‐Sabbagh, Muna Dajani, and Michael Talhami

Thank-‐you !

[email protected]

For more analysis and references: download the Upper Jordan River Hydropoli2cal Baseline from the Publica2ons page of the UEA Water Security Research Centre: www.uea.ac.uk/watersecurity/publica2ons

References Amery, Hussein (2000). A Popular Theory of Water Diversion from Lebanon: Toward Public Par2cipa2on for Peace.

Water in the Middle East: A Geography of Peace. Wolf, A. and H. Amery. Aus2n, USA, University of Texas Press. Brielmann, Heike (2008). Recharge and discharge mechanism and dynamics in the mountainous northern Upper

Jordan River Catcment, Israel, LMU Muenchen: Faculty of Goesciences. FNA (1921). ETUDE GENERALE DE LA FRONTIERE PROBABLE vers METELLI et du pays au N. et au SUD, immédiatement

des deux côtés de (la) fron+ère. De l'Inspecteur des Travaux Publics de l'Etate du Grand Liban. French Na2onal Archives in Nantes, Archives des postes diploma2ques, consulaires, culturels et de coopera2on: Caisse 450; Fonds -‐ "Beyrouth"/2e versement; Serie -‐ Service Techniques "Hydraulique"; Sujet -‐ U2lisa2on de la rivière Yarmouk et du bassin supérieur du Jourdain Sta2on de jaugeage de Wadi-‐Khaled, 1921 -‐ 1942.

HSI (1977). Hydrological Yearbook 1949 -‐ 1977. (Hebrew), Jerusalem, Hydrological Service of Israel. HSI (2004). Hydrological Yearbook 1959 -‐ 2004. (Hebrew), Jerusalem, Hydrological Service of Israel. Klein, Michael (1998). "Water Balance of the Upper Jordan River Basin." Water Interna+onal 23(4): 244 -‐ 248. Lukes, Steven (2005 [1974]). Power: A Radical View -‐ 2nd edi2on. Hampshire, UK, Palgrave MacMillan. MacGregor, John (2002 [1870]). The Rob Roy on the Jordan -‐ The extraordinary 19th Century tale of the first canoeist

to explore the Middle East and Africa. London, UK, republished by The Long Riders' Guild Press, 2002. Also published by Harper&Brothers, Publishers, New York in 1870, under the 2tle: The Rob Roy on the Jordan, Nile, Red Sea, and Gennesareth, &c: A Canoe Cruise in Pales2ne and Egypt, and the Waters of Damascus.

Sedan, Gil (2002). U.S., Israel seek to defuse tense Lebanese water plan. J Weekly.com, Jewish Telegraphic Agency. SLWE (2006). Damages to the Water Sector in the South of Lebanon from the 2006 War. Saida, South Lebanon Water

Establishment. Tignino, Mara (2010). "Water, interna2onal peace, and security." Interna+onal Review of the Red Cross -‐

Humanitarian debate: law, policy, ac+on 92(September 2010). Zeitoun, Mark (2007). Viola2ons, Opportuni2es and Power along the Jordan River: Security Studies Theory Applied

to Water Conflict. Water Resources in the Middle East: Israeli-‐Pales+nian Water Issues -‐ From Conflict to Coopera+on. Shuval, H. and H. Dweik. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer Verlag. 213 -‐ 224.

Zeitoun, Mark, Karim Eid-‐Sabbagh, Muna Dajani and Michael Talhami (2012). Hydro-‐poli+cal Baseline of the Upper Jordan River. Beirut, Associa2on of the Friends of Ibrahim Abd el Al.

Health & Medicine

Upper Jordan River Hyropolitical Baseline (ZeitounEidSabbaghDajaniTalhami)