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Vision in Older Adults
NURS 4100 Care of the Older Adult Spring 2014
Joy A. Shepard, PhD(c), MSN, RN, CNE
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Objectives
Describe assessment of vision in the older adult Explain the importance of sensory function and the impact
of sensory deficits on older adults Describe the effects of aging on visual function List measures to promote healthy visual function in older
adults Identify signs and symptoms and nursing interventions for
older adults with cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and detached retina
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Key Terms
Cataracts - Opacity of eye lens that reduces visual acuity Glaucoma – Eye disorder characterized by increased
intraocular pressure; can lead to irreversible damage to optic nerve with loss of peripheral vision
Macular Degeneration- Atrophy of cells in central macular region of retina
Presbyopia - Universal age-related change in lens of eye involving loss of accommodation. Objects held closer than 1 or 2 ft become difficult to see
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Anatomy of the Eye
Anatomy of the Eye Video
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Introduction: Sensory Function
Taken for grantedProtection from harmAccurate perception of environmentEssential to communicationSensory deficits compound other problems that
threaten health, well-being, and independence
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Sensory Dysfunction: Personal Cost Functional impairmentLoss of independence InjurySocial isolationDepressionDecreased quality of life
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Assessment of Vision
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Assessing Sensory Problems
Skilled assessment of sensory functionAssessment Guide 26-1 (pp. 362-363):
Sensory FunctionSensory Function (Review!)Assistive techniques: Correct
implementation to promote sensory function
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Assessment of Vision
Appearance?Clothing CleanlinessSelf-careBumps and bruises
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InterviewAdequacy of visionRecent changes visionDate of last examInspection
Movement of eyelidsAbnormally colored scleraUnequal or absent pupillary
response
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Interview – Visual Problems Red eye Excessive tearing/ discharge Foreign body sensation Headache, eyestrain when reading or
doing close work New onset
Double vision, rapid deterioration visual acuity Haziness, flashing lights, moving spots
Loss central/ peripheral vision Trauma or eye injury
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Vision
Snellen chart or reading from print
Visual field testingExtraocular
movements
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Eye ExaminationsHealthy older adults
Complete eye examination every yearVisual acuityRetinaIntraocular pressure (IOP)
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Normal Visual Changes with Aging
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Normal Age-Related Changes of the EyeChanges are gradualOver time can limit functional
abilityCommon eye disorders in the
elderly are NOT normal: cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, & retinopathy
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Normal Age-Related Changes of the Eye: External Changes
Graying and thinning eyebrows and eyelashes
Subcutaneous tissue atrophy wrinkling + thinning of skin around eyes
Decreased orbital fat sunken eye appearance + sagging eyelids
Atrophy lacrimal glands Dry eyes (saline drops)
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Normal Age-Related Changes of the Eye: Internal Changes Reduced elasticity of lens; decreased ability of the lens to
accommodate Decreased ability to focus on close objects (presbyopia) Accommodation is the process by which the eye changes optical power to
maintain a clear image (focus) on an object as its distance changes
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Changes During Accommodation
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Presbyopia: Normal Change
Flexible lens of eye gradually loses elasticity, affecting ability to change shape to focus on close objects
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Normal Age-Related Changes of the Eye: Internal Changes
Decreased pupil size, decreased retinal illumination Decreased visual acuity (sharpness of vision) Decreased light sensitivity (difficulty seeing in dim areas/ at night) Dark and light adaptation takes longer Distortion in depth perception
Lens: Yellowed/ Slightly cloudy (opacification) Increased difficulty in distinguishing between blue, green, & violet Increased sensitivity to glare
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Internal Changes: Cornea & Lens Lipid deposits around
peripheral cornea arcus senilis (normal change)
Lenses thicken/ hardenYellowish appearance +
opacityCataracts (not a normal
change)
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Normal Age-Related Changes of the EyeVisual acuity (sharpness of vision)
Diminishes gradually after age 50Decreases rapidly after age 70
Light sensitivity declinesBrightness contrastDark adaptationRecovery from glare
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Clinical Implications Difficulty reading small print Narrowing of field of vision Decreased light to retina Sensitivity to glare Decreased night vision Difficulty with depth perception
(going down stairs) Increased risk for FALLS!
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Visual Impairments with Aging
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Visual Impairment Visual impairment = visual acuity 20/40 by Snellen
chart at 20 feet Increases with age
Common visual disturbances in older adults: Presbyopia Age-Related Macular Degeneration Cataracts Glaucoma
Will affect 70 million Americans by 2030
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Legal blindness
Visual acuity 20/200 by Snellen chart at 20 feetIncreases with
agePeaks at 85 years
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Question The nurse is assessing a patient who has just been
tested for visual acuity and was told his vision is 20/50. The patient asks what this means, and the nurse answers: A. “You can see approximately 2/5 as well as the normal person.” B. “You can see at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 50
feet.” C. “Your vision is the same as a 20-year-old man, even though you are
50.” D. “You can see at 50 feet what a person with normal vision can see at
20 feet.”
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Diseases Affecting Vision
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Cataracts
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Cataracts NOT a normal part of aging process
(though very common with aging) Most cataracts are related to aging Lens clouding decreased light to
retina limited vision Oxidative damage or cross linking Slow and painless Leading cause of low vision in older
adults > 50% of adults > 65 years have
cataracts visual problems
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Cataracts: Signs
Yellowing of lensPupil changes color
to cloudy white or gray
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Cataracts: Symptoms No pain or discomfort Hazy or blurred vision (most
likely) Glare, photosensitivity Halos around objects Double vision Lack of color contrast or
faded colors Poor night vision
The Symptoms of Cataracts
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Cataracts: Blurry Vision
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Cataracts: Yellowing of Images
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Cataracts: Decrease in Color Intensity
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Cataracts: Risk FactorsIncreased ageSmoking and alcoholDiabetes, hyperlipidemiaTrauma to the eyeExposure to the sun and UVB raysCorticosteroid medications
Risks of Cataracts
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A. Simulated vision with cataracts.
B. Normal vision.
(From National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 2004.)
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Cataracts: Tx & Nursing Strategies
Surgery only cureOutpatient procedure: relatively few
complications Removal of lensInsertion of intraocular lens implant (distorts
vision less than special cataract glasses do)Cataracts Treatment
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Cataract Surgery (Outpatient): Intraocular Lens
Learn About Cataract Surgery - Very graphic!
Say Good-Bye to Cataracts & Glasses
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Cataract Surgery – Postoperative Instructions Day of surgery
Eye shield First 2 weeks
HOB 30°, lie on back or unaffected side
Eye shield at night Eye drops Mild aches, scratchiness,
itchiness Tylenol; NO aspirin, ibuprofen Do not rub, touch area
Avoid bright sunlight Wrap-around sunglasses
Avoid activities IOP Sneezing, coughing, vomiting,
straining, bending, lifting > 5 lbs Prevent constipation (fiber,
fluids, mobility, stool softener) Avoid heavy work, such as
gardening, mowing the lawn, or moving furniture
Avoid water in eye (tap water, shower, tub, etc)
Caring for Eyes after Cataract Surgery
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Cataract Surgery – Postoperative Instructions Symptoms to report
Pain not relieved by Tylenol Changes in vision
Decreased vision, redness, cloudiness, drainage, floaters or light flashes, curtain over vision, severe eye pain or pressure
Complications Infection Wound dehiscence Hemorrhage Severe pain Uncontrolled, elevated intraocular pressure
Cataracts Surgery Complications
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Education Regarding Cataract Prevention Wearing hats and
sunglasses when in sun
Smoking cessationAvoid steroidsLow-fat dietAvoid ocular injuryHow to Prevent Cataracts
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Question
Which of the following statements indicates that the client has understood home care instructions following cataract surgery? A. “I should not bend over to pick up objects from the floor.” B. “I can sleep on whichever side I want as long as my head
is raised.” C. “I may not watch television for 6 weeks.” D. “I should keep the protective eye shield in place 24 hours
a day.”
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Glaucoma
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Glaucoma
Degenerative eye disease Second leading cause of blindness in U.S.
10% vision loss in U.S.Primary cause of blindness among AA
Glaucoma Prevalence
What is Glaucoma
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Glaucoma
Optic nerve damaged by pressureIncrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) optic
nerve damage peripheral vision lossIOP > 21 mm Hg
“Sneaky thief of sight”Causes of Glaucoma
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Aqueous Humor
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(From National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 2004.)
Simulated Vision with Glaucoma
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Chronic (Open-Angle) vs Acute (Angle-Closure) Glaucoma Chronic (also called open-angle)More common than acute, 90%
Slowed flow of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork build up increased IOP damage to optic nerve loss of vision
Painless vision lossPeripheral visual field loss
Types of Glaucoma
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Chronic (Open-Angle) Glaucoma
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Chronic (Open-Angle) Glaucoma
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Chronic Glaucoma
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Chronic Glaucoma: S/SPeripheral vision slowly impairedTired eyesHeadachesMisty visionColored rings/ halos around lightsWorse symptoms in morningUsually involves one eye, but may be both
Glaucoma Symptoms
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Chronic: Tx & Nursing Strategies Diagnosis and Treatment
Dx: tonometry; gonioscopy
Treatment (Care Plan 26-1; pp. 366-368): No cure, requires life-long management Reduce IOP
Medications to decrease IOP (topical eyedrops) Avoid stress, coughing, sneezing, bending over, or straining with bowel
movements Laser trabeculoplasty, Surgery – trabeculectomy
Glaucoma TreatmentsGlaucoma Treatment DevelopmentsGlaucoma Laser
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Tonometry & Gonioscopy
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Topical Eyedrops Beta-blockers (Betagan, Timoptic, Ocupress) – Bottles
with blue or yellow caps 1st line therapy for glaucoma Lowers IOP by decreasing formation of aqueous humor SEs: Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, confusion
Prostaglandin analogues (Xalatan, Lumigan) Increases outflow of aqueous humor SEs: Stinging, burning, darkening of eye
Glaucoma Help In A Drop
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Topical Eyedrops Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists (Iopidine,
Alphagan, Epinal) – Bottles with purple capsLowers IOP by decreasing formation of
aqueous humorAvoid use in acute angle-closure glaucomaSEs: Palpitation, hypertension, tremor,
sweating
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Topical Eyedrops Miotics/ cholinesterase inhibitors (pilocarpine,
Humorsol) – Bottles with green capsFacilitates outflow of aqueous humorSEs: Decreased night vision, bronchospasm,
sweating, salivation, lacrimation, diarrheaCarbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Trusopt, Azopt) –
Bottles with orange capsDecreased formation of aqueous humor
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Question A client with open-angle glaucoma is receiving
brinzolamide (Azopt) for treatment. When assessing the client’s response to the medication, the nurse expects therapeutic effects to be the result of the following? A. A decrease in the outflow of aqueous humor B. An increase in the outflow of aqueous humor C. A decrease in aqueous humor production D. An increase in aqueous humor production
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Acute (Angle-Closure) Glaucoma Acute (angle-closure, closed-
angle, narrow-angle) Not as common Angle of iris obstructs drainage
of aqueous humor through trabecular meshwork increased IOP visual changes
May occur suddenly Ophthalmic emergency!
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Acute (Angle-Closure) Glaucoma
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Acute Glaucoma: S/S Severe unilateral eye pain or headacheBlurred visionNausea and vomitingPhotophobiaColored halos around lightRed eye
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Acute Glaucoma
Sudden S/S: eye pain, HAs, halos around lights, dilated pupils, vision loss, red eyes, N & V
May last for a few hours, return again
Each attack takes part of field of vision
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Acute Glaucoma: Tx & Nursing Strategies Diagnosis
Tonometer to measure IOP Normal IOP is 20 mm Hg or below Gonioscopy (direct exam)
Medications (to decrease pressure) Permanent vision loss within 2 – 5 days if untreated Surgery: iridotomy (lowers IOP) to prevent future
episodes
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Risk Factors for Glaucoma
Increased intraocular pressureOlder than 60 years of ageFemale genderFamily history of glaucomaPersonal history of myopia, diabetes,
hypertension, or migrainesAfrican American ancestryWho's at Risk of Developing Glaucoma
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Education Regarding Glaucoma ScreeningComplete ophthalmic examinationAdults 65+ should be evaluated
annuallyEvery 6 months with glaucoma
controlled by medication
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Glaucoma: Contraindicated Medications Cold remedies with Pseudoephedrine or Phenylephrine
(Neo-Synephrine) Antihistamines such as Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-
Trimeton) or Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) Overactive bladder remedies – Tolterodine tartrate
(Detrol) Tricyclic antidepressants – Amitriptyline (Elavil) Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
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Question
Is the following statement true or false?
Patient adherence with treatment for glaucoma can be a problem in the older adult population.
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) Most common cause of
blindness adults > 65 Degeneration of macula,
(sharpest central vision) Scotoma – central vision Visual acuity
Central vision Seeing objects clearly Common daily tasks (reading
and driving)Managing Macular Degeneration
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ARMD: Symptoms
Painless More light required for
reading Central scotomas – blind
spots Blurry Bent, warped images Dark, foggy or light spots
Words on a page may appear distorted or incomplete
Metamorphopsia – images look smaller (micropsia) or larger (macropsia) than they actually are
The Signs of AMD
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A. Simulated loss of vision with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). B. Normal vision.
(From National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 2004.)
Helping Macular Degeneration
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Macular degeneration: distortion of center vision; normal peripheral vision
Amsler Grid
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ARMD: Two Types – Dry & Wet Dry (atrophic,
nonexudative form) 10-20% severe vision loss
Atrophy Retinal pigment
degeneration Drusen accumulations
90% ARMD this type Better prognosis, slower
progression
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ARMD: Two Types – Dry & Wet Wet (Neovascular exudates)
Blood or serum leak from newly formed blood vessels beneath retina scar formation + visual problems
10% this type More sudden onset More severe vision loss
Learn about Wet AMD
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Normal Macula vs Dry & Wet ARMD
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Risk Factors for ARMD Age (above 50) Female gender Caucasian race and light (blue) colored eyes Family history of ARMD Cigarette smoking Ultraviolet light (sunlight) HTN, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease Lack of dietary intake of lutein; antioxidants and zincHow to Prevent Macular DegenerationThe Risks of Smoking and Macular Degeneration
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ARMD: TxNo cure at presentNew research:
Photodynamic therapy uses a special laser to seal leaking blood vessels in the eye
Antioxidant vitamins (C, D, E, and Beta-carotene), lutein, & zinc may slow progress of disease
Retinal cell transplantation or regeneration
New Macular Degeneration Treatment (just an example)
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration
(ARMD) Preventive Measures Nurses should encourage
Routine ophthalmic examinationsWearing UV protective lenses in sun Smoking cessationExercising routinely Eating a healthy diet consisting of fruits
and vegetables
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ARMD: Nursing Strategies (p.365, Box 26-2) Magnifying glasses Reading lamps Low-vision assistive devices Modify environment Avoid glare Use contrasting colors More auditory input (books on tape, etc.) Decrease controllable risk factors
(smoking, UV exposure)How to Deal with Losing Sight
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QuestionWhich type of visual problem is
associated with macular degeneration?A. Loss of peripheral visionB. Loss of central visionC. Perception of spots moving across the eyeD. Pain with movement of the eye
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Detached Retina
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Detached Retina
Forward displacement of retina Gradual or sudden Risk factors: nearsightedness (myopia), cataract surgery,
glaucoma, trauma, previous retinal detachment, family hx Symptoms: spots, blurred vision, flashes of light, curtain
over visual field Blank areas of vision PainlessCauses of Retinal Detachment
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Posterior Vitreous Detachment
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Retinal Detachment
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Detached Retina: Tx & Nursing StrategiesPrompt treatmentBed rest, bilateral eye patches
Reason: Reduce rapid eye movementsSafety concernsSurgery: electrodiathermy & cryosurgeryScleral buckling & photocoagulationDetached Retina (or Retinal Detachment)
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Promoting Visual Safety
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Promoting Visual Safety in Home Provide adequate lighting in high-traffic areas Stair rails, non skid surfaces Use contrast when painting Avoid reflective floors Signs – bright colors such as red, orange, yellow Use red-colored tape or paint on edges of stairs and
entryways Avoid complicated rug patterns
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Nursing Diagnoses
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Nursing Diagnoses Associated with Visual Impairment (Table 26-1)
Sensory/Perceptual Alterations: Visual with a variety of nursing goals and interventionsCommunicationSafetyMobilitySelf-care activitiesMood