• (1) That animals should function well, inthe sense of satisfactory health, growthand normal functioning of physiologicaland behavioral systems

• (2) That animals should feel well byexperiencing normal pleasures, free ofstress

• The animal kingdom is very diverse. It includes species with verylarge and complex brains and species that have no nervoussystems at all.

• humans have conscious awareness of feelings and thus thecapacity to suffer but it seems very

• the capacity for conscious awareness of feelings is probablylimited to vertebrates.

• However, it has been argued that there is no clear scientific casefor drawing the line at this point (e.g. Sherwin, 2001).

• It is right , as far as possible, to give all animals the benefit of thedoubt and to care for them as if they do have the capacity tosuffer.

Why domestic Animals Are domesticated?

Genetic Difference Found in Wild vs. Tame Animals A study of nasty and nicelab rats has scientists on the verge of knowing the genes that separate wildanimals like lions and wolves from their tame cousins, cats and dogs. journalGenetics 2009.

Domestication

• Is the process whereby a populationof living organisms is changed at thegenetic level, traits that ultimatelybenefit humans. domesticatedorganisms, so that they lose theirability to live in the wild.

• Taming is simply the process by whichanimals become accustomed tohuman presence.

• Many animals in captivity have nothing to do!

They are deprived of their natural activities like, socializing, hunting, foraging, pecking, digging or climbing; and are not given replacement activities. This

• lack of activity can result in stress and depression, which appear to be as emotionally painful for animals as humans

• The tendency of systems to maintain a steady state is referred to ashomeostasis

• ‘‘stressor’’ is anything that challenges homeostasis (e.g., Michelson et al.,1995; Selye, 1976).

• stress is defined as the experience of having intrinsic or extrinsic demandsthat exceed an individual’s resources for responding to those demands

Sympathetic-Adrenal-Medulla axis (SA)• a. Adrenalin/Noradrenalin• b. Heart rate• c. Respiration rate• d. Body temperature• • Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis

(HPA)• e. Adreno-corticotropic hormone

(ACTH )• f. Corticosteroids (e.g. Cortisol)• g. Vasopressin (VASO)

• Body temperature• j. Immune function• • Neurotransmitters• m. Dopamine• n. Serotonin• • Fitness/Reproductive ability• o. Body weight changes• p. Feed and water intake• q. Number of offspring• r. Reproductive hormone levels• h. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)• i. Testosterone• j. Prolactin• k. Oxytocin• s. Immune responses

Behavioral indicators of welfare Assessment

• approach/avoidance behavior• incidence and intensity of

stereotypies repetitive,unvarying behaviour patternswith no obvious goal orfunction, typical examplesincluding repeatedly followingthe same path, or head-swaying.

• overgrooming and other• selfharmingbehaviours• Apathy (low levels of activity,

excessive sleeping/resting) canbe caused by chronic stress,

depression and anhedonia(impaired abilities to feelpleasure)

• Poor maternal care/infanticidein humans, it is linked withstress

• Hyper aggression Aggression isa normal part of thebehavioral repertoire of socialspecies. However aggressiveinteractions that result ininjury pose a welfareproblem.

Domestication

Adequate welfare is dependent upon meeting animals’ needs for:food; water; thermal environment; lighting; space; environmental features(for foraging, resting, sleeping, exercise, escape from disturbance, etc);social interactions; and for the maintenance of good health

welfare problems may arise through either a lack of knowledge of theseneeds or how they can best be met, or through the absence or applicationof the resources with which they may be met.

Lack of knowledge may be absolute, that is, unknown to anyone (e.g. therequired dietary concentration of the species for vitaminA may be unknown) or, in other cases, it may be thatthe knowledge existssomewherein the world but is not accessible, understood, or appliedwhere it is needed.).

Contraception to Addis AbabaZoo lions

• In the wild, big cats spend their time traveling vast distances to hunt, seek mates, and stake out territory.

• Most species are primarily nocturnal and, with the exception of lions and male cheetahs, are solitary by nature.

• Housing incompatible animals together in cramped quarters has frequently led to big cats killing their cage mates.

• Small, barren cages, often 15-feet by 16-feet or less, with floors of concrete, hard-packed earth, or mud

• Declawing, which can result in life-long physical ailments • No stimulation of any kind • Fed a nutritionally-deficient diet of muscle meat or chicken and turkey by-

products, road kill, and rotten meat donated by local super markets • Cubs prematurely pulled from their mothers and used for public handling—a

common practice at substandard facilities that causes health problems • Unwanted African lions, including those used in cub handling operations, may be

slaughtered for the exotic meat market and surplus tigers may fuel the illegal market for tiger parts and derivatives used in traditional Asian medicine

• A large enclosure, preferably measured in acres rather than feet, that provides space adequate to run, stalk, chase, and play

Tigers and jaguars need pools large enough to submerge in • Visual barriers that provide privacy from the public and other animals • Natural substrate, such as soft earth, grass, and mulch • Large logs to sharpen claws • Climbing structures, multiple perches, and platforms • Environmental enrichment offered frequently to alleviate boredom and

encourage exploratory behavior and exercise, such as olfactory stimulation (perfumes, spices, and other scents), whole carcasses, materials or toys to investigate and tear apart

• High quality commercially-prepared diet, whole carcasses, or varied meats that include animal bones

• Forced inactivity due to extreme confinement, as well asstanding and walking on a hard surface such as concrete,can cause foot, joint, muscle, and circulatory problems;worn, cracked, and ulcerated footpads; poor muscle tone;and overall poor physical fitness.

• Among the carnivores, naturally wide-ranging species showthe most evidence of stress and/or psychologicaldysfunction in captivity.” Captive big cats, unable to meettheir instinctual needs, exhibit neurotic behaviors such aspacing, tail-chewing, toe-sucking, or excessive grooming.

• Captive Bred Wildlife Registration - Zoos and conservation breeding facilities registered with the F & W

• The Endangered Species Act - This Congressional act gives protection to species designated as threatened and endangered.

• Commerce Permit - If an exhibitor applies for an Interstate Commerce permit to purchase a specific SPP

• LICENSING – License is issued for exhibiting of animals for commercial purposes and in the case of exotic animals, all exhibiting, commercial or not, requires this license– Enclosures - To keep large cats safely in captivity, enclosures must be constructed of

sufficient size and strength to address the emotional and physical needs have specific caging requirements

– Vet Care - Keepers must have on hand a means of safely confining the felines while transporting to a veterinary hospital.

– Contingency Planning - Every keeper of a large cat needs to think about “what if?’

– The Captive Wildlife Safety Act

BAN• No new zoos open

• Immediate closure of any zoos falling below existing licensing standards3. A phasing-out of breeding programmes and legal commitment imposed on zoos to take responsibility for animals (and any accidental offspring) for the entirety of their natural lives

• Free the animals! It is just very cruel to keep animals in prison. Why should they have to suffer just so that you can be entertained. This should be stopped right away

CONTINUE

• Of course not! zoos conserve the species of the endangered animals and to educate us on how we can help and on the animal it's self.

• the Zoo's aim is to make sure the animal is happy all the time and give them the medication they need.

In short, zoos should aim to:

• Minimize risks of poor welfare;

• Recognize and deal promptly with welfare problems;

• Play a role in advancing knowledge of zoo animalwelfare.

• Zoos need effective strategies, procedures andmanagement in order to ensure effective deploymentof their resources in pursuit of these objectives

• There needs to be greater education of the public, thepress, the legislators and the keepers about these cats.