KPJ HEALTHCARE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

TITTLE : CAMELLIA SP.GROUP MEMBERS :

REESHANTEENI A/P BALASINGAM (2061141002)

NURUL NATASYA BT ZULKEFLI (2061141012)

DATE : 13 MEI 2015LECTURER : MISS MITHRA THURAISINGAM

CONTENT

• HISTORY OF CAMELLIA SP.• TYPES OF CAMELLIA SP.• TYPES OF BLOOM• PROPAGATING CAMELLIA SP.• CAMELLIA sinensis• METHOD OF PROPAGATION• CHEMICAL COSTITUENT OF C. sinensis• MEDICINAL USES OF C. sinensis

HISTORY of CAMELLIA SP.

Some Japanese camellias are known to be more than 500 years old.

The camellia arrived in Europe from the Orient during the 17th century

It reached in the western world during the 1800 of England, France, Belgium and Italy.

The American Camellia Society have put camellias that were introduced before World War I in the category called Antique.

Camellias collecting increased in popularity during the 1950s.

TYPES OF CAMELLIA

Camellia reticulata

Camellia japonica

Camellia oleifera

Camellia sasanqua

More than 2,300 plant are registered with the American Camellia Society.

Japanese Camellia 6-12 feet (max 25

feet)4 inches of dark-green leathery

leavesFlower 3 to 5 inches in

diameter white ,pink and

red.The flowers may be single, semi-double,

or double. Heights range from

1 to 12 feet tall. Leaves are dark

green, shiny and 2 inches long.

Flowers are mostly white and single

2 to 3 inches in diameter. Fragrant.

Dark green leaves Fragrant

2-inch-wide flowers in fall.

Biggest flowers

10 feet tall and 8 feet wide.

very susceptible to

cold.

(Camellia japonica)

(Camellia oleifera)

(Camellia sasanqua)(Camellia reticulata)

Types of Blooms

Single

Semi- double

Formal double

Propagating camellias

Camellias propagated by

•Planting Seed

•Air layering

•Grafting

•Rooting cuttings

Planting seed

AdvantagesEasy to produce new plants

May develop a new and superior variety or cultivar

DisadvantagesSeedlings are not like parent plants.

May take several years for seedlings to bloom.

Planting seedSome camellia species and varieties are prolific seed producers. Seed are about the size of an acorn. They mature in the fall and may be immediately planted.

Air Layering

Advantages : Quickest way to create a new plant identical to

the parent plant.

Some varieties air-layer better than others.

Air Layering

Select a limb and remove bark

where roots will eventually grow.

Air LayeringThe best time to air layer is in the spring and early

summer.

A rooting hormone will speed up root development

Wrap the wound in moist potting

soil.

Wrap the entire air layer with aluminum foil to protect from

light.

Wrap the rooting media around the

limb and cover with a sheet of plastic

The air layer should stay in place through the summer or until

the limb has produced roots.

The limb can be cut from the

parent plant and potted

Grafting

Advantages :• Cleft grafting is the best way to collect a large number of varieties

• Grafted camellias may produce blooms within two years of grafting.

Grafting

Rooting cuttings

Some camellias are easy to root from cuttings example C. Sasanqua and C. Japonica.

Advantage : Quick way to produce lots of plants that are identical to the

parent.

Rooting Cuttings

CAMELLIA SINENSIS

Tea was formerly named Thea japonenense. Later Linnaeus renamed it Thea sinensis. In 1959, the generic name was changed to Camellia.Discovered by Chinese around 2700 BC in South-east Asia.Nowadays, tea is cultivated in China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, South American Countries, High altitude regions of Africa, Middle East, Australia and Russia. There are 2 main varieties of tea :

The sinensis (the China plant with small leaves C. sinensis and the assamica (the Assam plant with large leaves C. sinensis var. assamica) varieties.

INTRODUCTION

Rank Scientific Name and Common NameKingdom Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom Tracheobionta - Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta - Seed plants

Division Magnoliophyta– Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida– DicotyledonsOrder ThealesFamily Theaceae – Tea family Genus Camellia Species C. sinensis

Binomial name Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze – Tea

Synonym Theasinensis L.

Theaviridis L.

Common name Black tea & Green tea

TAXONOMY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS

FACTORS AFFECTING TEA CULTIVATION

Climate:• Latitude : 430 north and 270 south.• The plant performs under 1500 –

4000 mm of rainfall• The ideal average annual

temperature is between 180C and 200C.

• Sunshine hours of 5 hours per day, on the average, is required by tea. In cloudy conditions and heavy and continuous rainfall, the yield drops.

Soil requirements:• Quaternary soils, recent alluvial

soils, soils on granite derived from eruptive rocks or volcanic ash are suitable for tea growing .

• The tea plant requires acid soils with pH of between 5.0 – 5.5, the best.

METHODS OF PROPAGATION

Generative propagation:Tea plantations from

seeds result in heterogeneous

vegetable materials, which result in great

variations in production and quality

Vegetative Propagation:Tea plant is widely

propagated by layering, grafting, stem cuttings

and root cuttings.

Fertilizer application: Ammonium

sulphate, urea or compound

fertilizers .

Maintaining

humidity levels

CULTIVATION

CONDITION

METHOD OF COLLECTIONSPlucking may be carried out manually or mechanically (tea harvesters)

The young shoots is plucked

The harvests in tea consist of a bud and 2 – 3 leaves

Plucking round depends on climatic conditions. The average plucking round is 10 days.

Disease and Insect pests of Tea

Insect pests:The leaf insect pest of tea include:

Urticating caterpillarsAphids

The branch insects pest are:Termites (Neotermes, Glytotermes, Coptotermes) Mites (Oligonichus coffeae or red spider)

Main Compositions of

Tea

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TEAMain constituents - Polyphenol group (catechins and flavonoids). About 25 to 35% on a dry weight basis.

Flavonoids (Polyphenols).Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial and antiviral effects. The anti-oxidising effects reduces ( black and green tea) when taken with milk.

Tea tannins - called catechins. The most potent therapeutic plant-derived chemicals. Uses : antiseptic and antioxidant properties &detoxifying the system .Catechins include gallocatechin, epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechingallate (EGC) and epigallocatechingallate (EGCG). Catechins make up approximately one-quarter of fresh dried green tea leaves, of which EGCG comprises 60 % .

Compositions of Black Tea

Compositions of Green Tea

MEDICINAL USES OF TEA• Anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties of tea reduce

influenza, infections of respiratory tract, and lungs as well as preventing pulmonary diseases.

• Anti-inflammatory• Decrease sugar level in diabetes.• Improve renal blood circulation and are effective in easing the

pains caused by renal diseases.• Induce enzymes that detoxify carcinogens, thus inhibiting

cancer initiation or carcinogenesis of cancer tumours. • L-theanine in tea effectively relieve common cold.• Reduce the risk of congestive heart failure and high blood

pressure.

REFERENCES

BOOK SOURCES :T.E. Wallis, 1985, Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 5th edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Indian. Pp.152 – 155.

JOURNAL :Venkata Sai Prakash Chaturvedula* and Indra Prakash.(2011). The aroma, taste, color and bioactive constituents of Tea. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. [Online] Vol. 5(11), pp. 2110-2124. Available from :http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article1380633907_Chaturvedula%20and%20Prakash.pdf [Accessed 09/05/2015]

WEB SOURCES:

a) Camellia sinensis, online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/theaceae/camellia_sinensis.htm

b) Camellia sinensis, online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/camellia_sinensis.html

c) Camellia sp. , online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.todayshomeowner.com/how-to-grow-camellias/

d) Camellia sp., online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.bonsai-bci.com/files/Camellia.pdf

e) Camellia sp. , online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.capegardencentre.co.za/node/231

f) Taxonomy classification of Camellia sinensis ,online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?Symbol=Casi16

g) Microscopy image of Camellia sinensis, online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://www.2k-manufacturing.com/gallery/index.php

h) Tea and it’s chemical constituents, online, retrieved on 9th May 2015, from http://tea-beverage.blogspot.com/2009/01/tea-and-its-chemical-constituents.html