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What is APNIC
• APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) is one of five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) charged with ensuring the fair distribution and responsible management of IP addresses and related resources.
• These resources are required for the stable and reliable operation of the global Internet.
– AS Number (e.g. 4608)
– IPv4 address (e.g. 202.12.90.0)
– IPv6 address (e.g. 2001:dd8:c:0:0:0:0:c8)
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The 5 Regional Internet Registries
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APNIC Secretariat
• A membership based, not for profit organisation
• Headquartered in Brisbane, Australia
• 70+ staff from all over the region (25 languages spoken)
• A budget of AUD 18 million (~ USD 15 million)
• Has a governing board called the Executive Council, the members of which are elected by the Members
• The Secretariat (APNIC's staff) carries out the day-to-day work to support APNIC's mission. There are 4 main group of activities: Serving Members, Supporting the Asia Pacific's Internet Development, Collaborating with the Global Internet Community, and Corporate Support.
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APNIC in the Internet ecosystem
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Internet Number Distribution
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IPv4
CN
JP
KR
TW
HK
MN
ASN
Eastern Asia
Oceania
Southern Asia
South-EasternAsia
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
IPv6
Accountability & Transparency
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Improved internal financial audit process established
ISO9001 external audit –passed!
Appointment of new external financial auditors
Updated Transparency web page
Community Engagement
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Moving forward
• Inviting Internet multi-stakeholders to discuss Internet number policy development at:
– APNIC 40 – Jakarta (Sep 2015)
• APNIC to engage in various in-country projects e.g.
– National Internet Directory
– National Internet Development Strategy (e.g. IPv6, stability)
– Government Internet Infrastructure
– Others?
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IETF 緣起
• 1969: ARPANet 誕生
• 1983: IAB (Internet Architecture Board)成立，執掌Internet架構(architecture)
• 1986: 成立IETF作為發展Internet標準組織。第一次IETF會議在San Diego召開, 共21人參加
• 1990 年Internet商業化，技術標準需求大增
• 1992: ISOC (Internet Society)成立, IAB建議IAB/IETF應該在ISOC下發展，在1992年INET Kobe ISOC理事會議通過IAB提案
– ISOC 提供IAB/IETF法律與財務支援，IETF擔任重要職位者可獲得法律責任保險之保障。
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IETF 執掌
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定義網路維運與技術問題，提出問題解決方案
探討解決方案相關的通訊協定及網路架構，釐清解決方案可否有效解決技術問題
推廣解決方案到全球網路社群
建構技術資訊交流平台，讓研究者、網路使用者、ISP、網路管理者經由IETF平台共享資訊。
IETF功能領域 Areas of Function
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routing
security
Applications
IP : Next Generation
Transport
Internet
Operation
Network management
工作群組Working Group與RFC
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IETF 標準化工作以工作群組Working Group 討論 Working Group界定問題、目標與預期時程 Working Group 由網路社群參與建構解決方案
當Working Group對解決方案有具體共識後，由主席送交 IESG 進行審查
IESG 完成審查通過後，定義新的 Internet 標準 RFC (Request For Comments)
David Clark : "We reject kings, presidents, and voting. We believe in rough consensus and running code“拒絕國王、總統及投票，相信粗略共識與可執行程式碼
IETF Protocol Stacks
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全球網際網路關鍵議題
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Mapping Internet Policy IssuesGlobal vs. National
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Mapping Internet Issues against Decision Making Entities
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我國數位匯流方案(99年行政院核定)
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數位匯流修法重點
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國內與國際網路關鍵議題差異
• 國際
– 議題面向: 關鍵資源治理、國際合作、多方利益關係人模式、經濟、文化、社會等面向
– 利益關係人參與網路治理(合作模式)
– 操作工具:法規、國際合作機制、國際標準、專業組織機能(IETF, IEEE, ITU, WIPO, WTO..)
– 市場: 發展多邊市場機制, 自由貿易
• 國內
– 議題面向: 因應匯流調整管制措施
– 利益關係人提供意見回饋(控制模式)
– 操作工具: 法規框架，如廠商eligibility調整
– 市場 : 內需市場, 保護主義
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DNS Domain產業價值鏈
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DNMarket
Registries
Registrars ResellersTrade
Marketplace Brokers
DNHolders
Registries/Registrars
BackendRegistry
Operators
SoftwareVendors
DNS/WebHosting
ServerHosting
Cloud,Big Data
VCa
a1
a2 a3c1 c2
b1b2
d1
d2d3
VCb
VCcVCd
產業競爭優勢 : 1 產業上下游群聚力2.產業之不可替代性
(Kenny Huang, 2012)
weak link
weak link
weak link
1 台灣產業上下游群聚力低2 台灣產業缺乏不可替代性
1 應用服務商缺乏上游產業支持, 缺乏專業分工2 應用服務商自行建構上游技術，腐蝕資本支出影響競爭優勢3 應用服務商使用國際廠商上游服務，缺乏國內法規保障，降低網路品質
三大電信公司財務資料
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中華電 台灣大 遠傳
營業收入 2266億 1126億 942億
毛利 782億 375億 380億
營業利益 448億 197億 151億
市值 7687億 3814億 2453億
EPS 4.98 5.56 3.52
ROA 8.82 10.7 9.5
股價 99.1 111.5 73.5 *2014年度財報
三大電信合併純益維持約650-700憶，每年變動低於5%
三大電信未增加新應用與新客源
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
總稅後純益(百萬) 66,481 70,542 66,876 70,279 69,418 65,195 61,800 64,400
中華電比例 73% 64% 65% 68% 68% 61% 58% 60%
台灣大比例 10% 22% 21% 20% 19% 23% 23% 22%
遠傳比例 17% 14% 14% 13% 13% 16% 19% 18%
變異量 -2% 4% -2% 3% 2% -4% -5% +4%
Observations
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• compelling value : total valuation of the 3 firms equals 10.4% GDP
• performance has no significant difference EPS S.D.=1.05; ROA S.D.=0.95
• firm value is directly proportional to market share
• Boston Matrix : Stars(capital) / Cash Cows(product)
lucrative segment for tradenegotiation from partner countries
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中華電
台灣大
遠傳
Observations
1 positive correlation among firm values 2 capital market growth > competition3 capital market value exceeds product
market value4 positive externality5 government-granted monopoly:
potential competitors are excluded from the market by law
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HK
IX : 4
40
GJP
IX : 3
40
GTW
IX : 4
2 G
Observations
1 TW traffic is far less than others2 TW traffic remains long term sluggish
Implications/Assumptions
1 rate limiting on switch GigE interfaces2 obsolete facilities3 inadequate capacities
(intentionally or unintentionally)
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目前的 Internet 即將消失而融入我們日常生活之中。網路隨手可得，有取之不盡的IP位址及網域可使用。我們無須瞭解背後複雜架構，只需專注未來創新發展
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.谷歌 .DAD .FYI .LOL .PROF .ZIP
.みんな .DAY .GAME .LOVE .RSVP
.グーグル .DCLK .GBIZ .MAIL .SEARCH
.ADS .DDS .GLE .MAP .SHOP
.AND .DEV .GMAIL .MBA .SHOW
.ANDROID .DIY .GMBH .MED .SITE
.APP .DOCS .GOO .MEME .SOY
.ARE .DOG .GOOG .MOM .SPOT
.BABY .DOT .GOOGLE .MOTO .SRL
.BLOG .DRIVE .GUGE .MOV .STORE
.BOO .EARTH .HANGOUT .MOVIE .TALK
.BOOK .EAT .HERE .MUSIC .TEAM
.BUY .ESQ .HOME .NEW .TECH
.CAL .EST .HOW .NEXUS .TOUR
.CAR .FAMILY .INC .PAGE .TUBE
.CHANNEL .FILM .ING .PET .VIP
.CHROME .FLY .KID .PHD .WEB
.CLOUD .FOO .LIVE .PLAY .WOW
.CORP .FREE .LLC .PLUS .YOU
.CPA .FUN .LLP .PROD .YOUTUBE
Google 申請101組新頂級網域名稱
Google公用DNS使用情況
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Rank Resolver ASN User Share Network Name
1 74.125.41.0 15169 1.28% GOOGLE – Google Inc., US
2 58.217.249.0 4134 1.02% CHINANET-BACKBONE, CN
3 74.125.189.0 15169 0.98% GOOGLE - Google Inc., US
4 74.125.16.0 15169 0.94% GOOGLE - Google Inc., US
5 74.125.190.0 15169 0.90% GOOGLE - Google Inc., US
6 74.125.181.0 15169 0.87% GOOGLE - Google Inc., US
7 61.140.11.0 4813 0.80% GUANGDONG-AP China Telecom Group, CN
8 60.215.138.0 4837 0.80% CHINA169, CNCGROUP China169 Backbone, CN
9 74.125.73.0 15169 0.78% GOOGLE – Google Inc., US
10 74.125.17.0 15169 0.74% GOOGLE – Google Inc., US
The Top 10 DNS resolver systems (Geoff Huston, 2014)
全球DNS Google DNS
Google DNS服務量佔全球DNS服務量 25%
So What ?
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(XKCD)
結論網路治理：議題、參與者、組織
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政府並非解決問題唯一的出口
網路治理需要的角色
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網路治理需要你的參與
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