5111 5115.output

* GB785518 (A)

Description: GB785518 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements relating to crankshafts

Description of GB785518 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,518 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: December 15, 1955. Application made in Germany on December 16, 1954 Complete Specification Published: October 30, 1957 Index at acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), F 2. International Classification:-F 06 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Crankshafts We, D Ai MLER-BE Nz AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Stuttgart-Untertiurkheim, Germany, a Company organised under the laws of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- If four-throw crankshafts are designed so that all four cranks lie in a common plane, this results in difficulties as regards balancing out 2nd-order inertia forces Since these forces have disturbing effects and give rise to heavy drumming in certain speed ranges, it is necessary as a rule to provide special balancing devices which, however, are generally relatively complicated and also give rise to difficulties of a mechanical nature and to undesired noise. An object of the invention is to achieve better balancing out of 2nd-order inertia forces without the need for providing special balancing devices for this purpose. According to the invention, in a fourthrow crankshaft for a four-cylinder in-line engine, two adjacent, oppositely directed, cranks are arranged crosswise at an angle of in relation to the two other adjacent cranks. One form of embodiment of the invention by way of example will now be more fully described with reference to the accompanying drawing, in

which Figures 1 and 2 represent the crankshaft diagrammatically in perspective view and Figure 3 in end view. In Figure 1, the crankshaft is shown without counterweights and in the Figures 2 and 3 with counterweights The cranks are identified by the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4 and main bearings by I, II, III Further main bearings may be provided if desired. The two adjacent cranks 1, 2 lie in one lPrice 3 s 6 d FY 1 ce 45 64 plane and the two other adjacent cranks 3, 4 in another plane, the two planes being at to each other Figures 2 and 3 show a 45 suitable arrangement of counterweights, comprising a total of six counterweights h, to h 6, for balancing out rotary and oscillatory forces The counterweights h, and h 2 lie in the plane of the cranks 1 and 2 and opposed 50 to the latter and the counterweights h 3 and h& in the plane of the cranks 3 and 4 and opposed to the latter, while the counterweights hs and h, at the ends of the crankshaft are arranged at an angle determined 55 by the resultant moments The direction of the weight h, is approximately opposed to the resultant of the cranks 1 and 3 and that of the weight h, to the resultant of the cranks 2 and 4 60 With this arrangement, a favourable diagram of rotational forces can be obtained and also favourable inner crank moments.

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* GB785519 (A)

Description: GB785519 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Protective device for heavy-current rectifier installation


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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,519 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Dec 21, 1955. Application made in Switzerland on Jan 4, 1955. Application made in Switzerland on Sept 20, 1955. Application made in Switzerland on Oct 5, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30 1957. No 36707155. Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 2), F 3 C, F 3 D( 1 A: 1 B: 5 B), T 1 F, T 7 (A 3: C 1 B 2: C 6). International Classification:-H 021. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Protective Device for Heavy-Current Rectifier Installation We, MASCHINENFABRIK OERLIKON, of ZilrichOerlikon, Switzerland, a body corporate organised unders the Laws of Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a protective device for heavy-current rectifier installation comprising a plurality of rectifier groups operating in parallel and having rectifier transformers each with a plurality of secondary star connected groups of windings which feed the rectifier valves and which are at least partly electrically offset in relation to one another. Heavy-current rectifier installations of this kind are used for example in electrochemical plants requiring very high operating currents. In such installations, in the event of an arcback, extremely high short-circuit currents occur and in a short time become so great that they can damage the installation and especially the transformers and rectifiers For the purpose of avoiding damage in consequence of an

arcback it is known to instal an anode high-speed circuit-breaker in each anode cable and to use for each group of six anodes an inverse current circuit-breaker and a limiting choke, which delays the current rise This requires a large number of circuit-breakers however, and is therefore relatively expensive. The invention provides a less expensive installation which affords the same protection but which has only few circuit-breakers The invention achieves this by providing threephase secondary star connected groups of windings and connecting the neutral point of each secondary star connected groups of windings to the negative bus-bar through a protective arrangement consisting of a directcurrent high-speed circuit-breaker and at least one choke which, in the range of protection, has at least approximately a constant curve of impedance in dependence on the current. lPrice 3 s 6 d l If smoothing chokes are provided in the installation, they can be so constructed that a branch of the smoothing choke has in the range of protection a constant curve of impedance in dependence on the current and thus acts as a 50 protective inductance, which limits the current rise in the event of a short-circuit Such an installation not only successfully uses only few circuit-breakers but in addition requires no separate protective inductances, thus further 55 reducing the cost of the installation. Smoothing chokes act as protective inductances when they have an iron core with a large air gap or with a multiplicity of small air gaps, or when they have no iron core at all 60 Since the magnetising current of such chokes is high, the full smoothing effect is obtained only at 4 load This is unimportant however in electrochemical plants, the rectifier installations of which operate as a rule at full 65 load. If, however, the smoothing effect is to be maintained even at low load, use can be made of a protective arrangement consisting of one branch of a normally saturated choke in series 70 with a current-limiting choke and a highspeed circuit-breaker. Several embodiments of the invention are illustrated diagrammatically and purely by way of example in the accompanying drawings, 75 in which:Figure 1 shows a part of a heavy-current rectifier installation with smoothing chokes acting as protective inductances. Figure 2 shows by way of modification a 80 choke constructed as an air choke, in longitudinal section. Figure 3 shows this air choke in plan view. Figure 4 shows part of a heavy-current rectifier installation with smoothing chokes 85 acting as protective inductances. Figure 5 is a modification of the installation shown in Figure 4. Figure 6 shows part of a heavy-current rectifier installation having a current-limiting 90 choke.

Figure 7 is a modification of the installation shown in Figure 6. According to Figure 1, the heavy-current rectifier installation illustrated has a rectifier transformer 3 with a star-connected primary winding 4 and a rectifier transformer 3 ' which is connected in parallel with the transformer 3 and which has a delta-connected primary winding 4 ' The two windings 4 and 4 ' are each fed from three-phase mains through a switch 2 The transformers 3 and 3 ' each have two groups of secondary three-phase star connected windings 5, all of which are electrically offset in relation to one another Each of these winding groups 5 feeds three singleanode rectifiers 7, the cathodes of which are directly connected to the positive bus-bar 9. The neutral points 6 of the star connected windings 5 are each connected to the negative bus-bar 10 through one branch 13 of a choke 14 and through a direct-current high-speed circuitbreaker 8 The branches 13 are connected as interphase transformers A common choke 14 is thus provided for each two groups of secondary star connected windings 5 The two branches 13 of each of the chokes 14 have a common iron body 11 with a plurality of air gaps 12 disposed inside the windings 13. Owing to said air gaps, each choke 14 has in the range of protection a practically constant impedance curve in dependence upon the current The chokes 14 are so dimensioned that the current rise per second does not reach a value corresponding to two thousand times the normal neutral current. Each branch 13 of a choke 14 forms, together with the direct-current high-speed circuitbreaker 8 connected in series with it, the protective arrangement disposed between the relevant neutral point 6 and the negative busbar 10. If, for example, an arc-back occurs in the first rectifier 7 (looking from the left), the other rectifiers 7, which are connected in parallel, feed this short-circuit through the first circuitbreak-er 8 and the first branch 13 of the lefthand choke 14 -Due to its approximately constant impedance curve in dependence on the current, this branch 13 acts as a protective inductance and delays the rise of the shortcircuit current, so that the first circuit-breaker 8 can break the current before said current has reached a very high value Consequently, ionisation in the faulty rectifier vessel 7 also remains relatively low Since the first circuitbreaker 8 has separated the first neutral point 6 from the direct-current bar 10, the internal short-circuit of the rectifier system consisting of the first three rectifiers 7 and fed by the first winding 5 can be easily cleared by a grid control, which is not illustrated. The chokes 14 shown in Figure 1 each have two coils 13, which are disposed in parallel and each of which encloses four air gaps 12 of

the frame-like iron body 11 common to each two coils 13 The air gaps 12 are filled in known manner with a material of constant impedance. In a modification, Figures 2 and 3 show a choke which also acts as protective inductance 70 and which is constructed as an air choke 14 a without an iron body Said air choke has four coils 13 a, which are disposed one above the other and, as indicated by arrows, the lowermost and the uppermost of said coils are wound from 75 the outside inwardly and the two middle coils 13 a are wound from inside outwardly, and the two bottom coils and the two top coils 13 a are connected together by leads 24 so as each to form a coil unit with connections 25 disposed 80 outside on the periphery The unit consisting of the two top coils 13 a forms a choke branch the magnetic field of which is directed in the opposite direction to the magnetic field of the choke branch consisting of the two bottom 85 coils 13 a The coils are separated from one another and from the cross-shaped clamping bars 26 by means of distance pieces 12 a and 12 b of insulating material The coils 13 a are combined to form a mechanically solid structure 90 by means of a central bolt 27, the clamping bars 26 and the distance pieces 12 a, 12 b. The bottom bar 26 is carried by four insulators 28, which insulate the choke 14 a from the ground 95 In a modification of the construction shown in Figure 1, as shown in Figure 4, each group of four three-phase groups of secondary windings, which are partly electrically offset in relation to one another, of the transformers 100 3, 3 ', feeds twelve single-anode rectifiers 7. The neutral points 6 of the secondary windings are connected, each in series with a highspeed circuit breaker 8, to the negative bus-bar 10, not through chokes as shown in Figure 1, 105 but through a smoothing choke 15, said smoothing choke being in this case a single coil provided with an iron core or constructed as an air choke and delaying the current rise in the event of a short-circuit 110 In the event of an arc-back in one of the rectifiers 7, the smoothing chokes 15 act in a way similar to the chokes 14 shown in Figure 1 The smoothing choke 15 of the rectifier 7 in which the arc-back has occurred delays the 115 current rise, the appertaining high-speed circuit-breaker 8 separates the neutral point 6 of the secondary star system 5 affected by the arc-back from the direct-current bus-bar 10, and a grid control (not illustrated) clears the 120 internal short-circuit, so that operation of the entire xectifier installation is practically unimpaired. According to the modification shown in Figure 5, in each direct-curreat high-speed 125 circuit-breaker 8 ' the coil 15 d' for the magnetic extinction of the spark and the coil 15 d" for the release of the circuit-breaker are so constructed that they act as

smoothing chokes having an impedance curve which is prac 130 785,519 The transformers in the exemplified embodiments illustrated therefore have high-reactance three-phase secondary windings, which result in a limiting of the short-circuit currents. Such rectifier transformers having three-phase 50 primary windings and three-phase secondary windings are relatively simple and inexpensive.


* GB785520 (A)

Description: GB785520 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in and relating to gauging devices


COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Gauging Devices I, STANLEY GEORGE OPPENHEIM, a Citizen of the United States of America, of 7901 Williams Avenue, Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to an improvement in indicating, recording, and controlling devices, but more particularly to an improved method and means of transmitting a displacement developed by an element or arrangement of elements which moves in response to changes in the status or condition to be measured. The improvement provided by this invention may be employed in all types of gauging, measuring, recording, and controlling instruments in

which one or more elements are arranged to move in response to changes in the condition or status being observed, andinwhich thismovement is employed to produce a related movement in a pointer, a stylus, a disk, a tape, a drum, or a sensing or actuating element in an electrical circuit. For the purpose of simplifying the explanation of the invention, it is described herein in connection with a gauge designed to indicate pressure changes within an enclosed system. In gauges of the general type illustrated in the accompanying drawings, there is generally provided a segment which is connected with a pressure responsive element such as a Bourdon tube. Movement of the Bourdon tube in response to a pressure change produces a movement of the segment which is caused to rotate a pointer relative to a fixed scale. The movement of the pointer and scale are calibrated so that the pressure change, or the pressure existing in the system in which the gauge is fixed, can be read directly from the scale. The driving connection between the segment and the pointer generally consists of a rack formed on the periphery of the segment which engages a pinion fixed to the pin which carries the pointer. As the Bourdon tube develops a relatively small force, when the pressure within it varies, the driving connection between the segment and the pinion is desirably as frictionless as possible. Consequently, the teeth of the rack must be formed so that they only loosely engage the teeth of the pointer pinion, as otherwise the intermeshing teeth would bind to the extent that the relatively small force developed by the movement of the end of the Bourdon tube would be taken up principally in overcoming the friction between the intermeshing teeth. Where the teeth of the rack and the pinion are cut for a loose engagement to avoid this difficulty, it is necessary to provide a spring means, generally fixed to the pointer pinion, which acts to hold one edge of the teeth of the pinion in engagement with the driving edges of the teeth of the rack, as otherwise movement of the segment would not produca simultaneous movement of the pointer, and the pointer would also be free to oscillate. This would increase the wear between the intermeshing teeth, and considerably shorten the useful life of the gauge mechanism. As it is, gauges of this type cannot be successfully used where rapid or violent pressure fluctuations occur, as the intermeshing teeth are soon worn to the extent that the gauge is inoperable or inaccurate. The purpose of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a means for transmitting the forces developed - by a Bourdon tube in such gauging devices from the segment to the indicator which is of such nature that the cost and difficulty of manufacturing the gauge is reduced and, more importantly, the indicator is caused to respond

accurately and immediately to the movements of the Bourdon tube. A further object of the present invention is to provide a means for transmitting the force developed by a condition responsive element to an iadicating device, which is unaffected by wear even when used for long periods of time in a system in which rapid and violent changes of pressure occur. These objectives are accomplished by a motion transmitting means which comprises a constant force, long deflection spring. No auxiliary spring means is required to insure simultaneous motion of the pointer, inasmuch as the constant force spring has inherent stability and is self-restoring. A further object of the present invention is to provide means for transmitting the force developed by a condition responsive element to an indicator that is accurate, reliable, simple to construct, and which by simple modifications permits different proportional movements between the condition responsive element and the indicator, and it permits by progressively changing the radius of the pinion or of the contour of the segment to effect desired proportional motion of the indicating, recording, controlling, or actuating means. It will be understood that the objects of the invention stated above are not limited to gauges or indicating devices which incIude a Bourdon tube, but are equally applicable where the responsive element is a thermo-couple, a diaphragm a bellows, or any other device which may be arranged to produce a movement, mechanically or electrically, either linearly or arcuately in response to changes in conditions such as pressure or temperature or dimensions. According to the present invention, the means for transmitting the force developed by tile condition responsive element in a gauge to the indicator-assembly is a constant force, long deflection spring which is formed from a strip of flat spring material which has been given a curvature by continuous heavy forming so that in its reiaxed or unstressed condition it is in the form of a tightly wound spiral. This element is fully described in the paper entitled, "The Theory and Design of Long-deflection, Constant-force Spring Elements", By F. A. Votta, in Transectios of the American Society of Mechanical Engi?ieerr, for May 1952.

The characteristic of this element of interest in the present invention is that only a constant force is required throughout to extend the outer end of the element from its unstressed condition, so that the element may be considered as a spring element having a zerogradient. This condition exists when the relaxed - spiral is supported for free rotation when the force is applied to extend the outer end. The outer end is backbent around the sector, producing a constant torque. It has been found that this characteristic of the spring element makes it uniquely suitable for transmitting movement of a condition responsive element to an indicator, recording or controlling device, especially since the element may be arranged to alter the proportional movement between the condition responsive device and the indicator from a direct prop or tion to a logarithmic function, or vice versa, or other proportions of motion. The details of the theory and design of the spring element are fully set forth in the paper identified above and need not be further described here. The manner in which spring elements of this kind are employed in the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention disclosed in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings: Figure 1 is a front elevational view of a pressure gauge embodying the present invention; Figure 2 is an enlarged rear elevational view of the same gauge, with its back cover removed to show in elevation the gauge mechanism; Figure 3 is a vertical section view on the line 3-3, Figure 2; Fi : e t is an enlarged elevational view taken on tile line -t of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a diagrammatic view of a segment and an index pointer bushing interconnected by a spring element according to the e present invention; and Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view of two segments and an indicator busing interconnected according to the present invention, so that the indicator bushing is rotated in proportion to the difference in force applied to the segments. Figures 7, 8 and 9 are diagrammatic views of modifications whereby a nonlinear response of the indicating element may be obtained when and as desired. Figure 1 illustrated a conventional gauge 10, having the usual socket 12, case 14 and pointer 16, which is arranged to be rotated with respect to the graduated dial 18. Referring t o Figure 2, it may be seen that a Bourdon tube 20 has its open end fixed in the socket 12 in the usual manner, and that the distal end 22 of

the tube is connected by a link 24 to the segment 26 which is pivotally supported on the pin 28 and provided with an arm 30 to which the link 24 is connected. The function of the segment 26 is to multiply the displacement of the end of the Bourdon tube 22 when the pressure therein is varied. The pivot pin 28 for the segment 26 is journaled in the spacedapart plates 32, 34 which in turn are fixed to an upstanding extension 36 of the socket 12 by means of screws 38, 40. The plates 32, 34 are held in their spaced relationship by the sieeves 42, 44 through which the rivets 46, 48 extend. The pointer 16 is supported on a shaft 50 which is also journaled in the plates 32, 34 and has fixed to it, intermediate the plates, a bushing 52. The pointer 16 is fixed to the outer end of this shaft, as may be seen best in Figure 3. Referring to Figure 4, it may be seen that a constant force, long deflection spring is fixed at one end to the bushing 52, and has its outer end fixed to tile end 54 of the segment 26. The arrangement is such that when fluid under pressure is introduced into the Bourdon tube 20 the tube tends to straighten and through the medium of the link 24 causes the segment 26 to pivot about the pin 28, thus moving the end 54 of the segment in the direction of the arrow shown in Figure 4. As the spring is tightly wound about the bushing 52, to which it is fixed, movement of the segment causes an immediate movement of the pointer 16 that is carried on the shaft 50. In the arrangement shown in Figure 4, it will be observed that the bushing 52 is relatively small and that there are several convolutions of the spring wound around the bushing, so that as the segment 54 moves in the direction of the arrow, the spring will unwind progressively about a diminishing radius. Accordingly, the indicator 16 will respond in a logarithmic relationship to movement of the segment. It will be osberved also that the extent of the movement of the pointer can be varied by enlarging or diminishing the diameter of the bushing 52. The type of driving connection described above obviates many of the difficulties that are inherent in previous arrangements wherein a toothed drive is provided between the segment and the pinion on the pointer shaft. In the first place, the driving connection provided by this invention removes the need for the expensive tooth forming operation and also for the spring required to hold the loosely fitting teeth in constant driving engagement. Furthermore, the driving connection provided by this invention is relatively frictionless, and is such that movement of the segment produces an instantaneous and proportional movement of the pointer. A further advantage of the subject construction is that it is not subject to wear or breakage

even though the gauge may be connected into a system in which rapid and violent fluctuations of pressure occur. This invention also makes it possible to easily alter the relationship of the response by the indicator to movements of the segment. This may be accomplished by merely enlarging the diameter of the bushing 52 or increasing the number of turns of spring on the bushing to thereby increase the radius about which the spring unwinds, and some of the modifications in this respect which are possible are described below in connection with Figures 5 and 6. The nature and extent of the response of the indicator to movements of the segment may also be varied by appropriate shaping of the working surface of the segment and bushing, as illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9. Another advantage of the construction provided by this invention, in all its forms, is that a given deflection of the movable condition responsive element will produce the same movement of the pointer at any portion of the scale, as the spring has a substantially zero gradient. Figure 5 indicates a modification of a connection between the condition responsive element and the bushing carried on the pointer shaft which provides a linear response by the pointer to movements of the segment. It will be observed that the spring is considerably shortened as compared to the one shown in the preceding Figures, so that but a single convolution is wound about the bushing 52. Inasmuch as the spring unwinds from the bushing at a constant radius, the arrangement provides a linear response as compared to the logarithmic response obtained from the arrangement illustrated in Figure 4. The extent of the response to a given unit of movement of the segment may be easily varied by enlarging or diminishing the diameter of the bushing 52. Referring to Figure 6, an arrangement is illustrated in which an indicator is made to respond according to the differences in the forces applied to the springs N-l and N-2 by their associated distance multiplying segments or pulleys. The outer ends of both springs are fixed to the periphery of the bushing 52, so that the forces applied thereto are in opposition to one another. The bushing may be fixed to an indicator shaft, as illustrated in connection with Figures 1-4, or a scale may be inscribed on one or the other of the springs, and read with respect to a fixed index 60 on the casing within which the elements may be mounted. The relationship of the response of the indicator element to movement of the segment may also be selectively varied by the means illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9. Figure 7 illustrates a bushing 52a which is non-circular in outline, and consequently, one in which the effective radius from which the constant force, long deflection spring unwinds

is non-uniform. The exact relationship of the indicator to the segment movement may be predetermined by shaping the outline of the bushing 52a. The relationship of the response of the indicator to segment movement may be similarly varied by varying the effective radius of the segment surface onto which the spring unwinds as shown in Figure 8. It will be observed that the radius of the working surface of the segment struck from the pivot pin 28 diminishes to the right, as viewed in Figure 8, and thus the spring is drawn off the bushing 52 onto a segment of constantly diminishing radius. The response of the indicator to segment movement is therefore non-linear, and the exact nature of the response may be determined by the contour provided for the working surface of the segment. It will be evident that the radius defining the location of the working surface of the segment may be increased, rather than decreased, to the right, and that an eccentric bushing may be combined with a segment of varying radius. One form of this combination is illustrated in Figure 9. The present invention is not limited to measuring instrument in which the indicator is made to respond with rotary motion, as in the case of pointers, drums, disks, etc., but is equally applicable to devices such as dimensional air gauges in which the desired measurement is effected by linear displacement of the indicator of the device. What I claim is :- 1. A gauge comprising means movable in response to a condition to be gauged, an indicator movable to represent the gauged condition, and a constant force, long deflection spring connected at one end to said movable means and at its other end to said indicator.


* GB785521 (A)

Description: GB785521 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in catchbar mechanism for knitting machines


A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

CH342685 (A) DE1082695 (B) US2779177 (A) CH342685 (A) DE1082695 (B) US2779177 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,521 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 16, 1956. No 11550/56. Application made in United States of America on April 27, 1955. Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 74 ( 2), C 1 C 1. International Classification:-D 04 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in Catchbar Mechanism for Knitting Machines We, TEXTILE MACHINE Wo Ri Cs, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, of Wyomissing, County of Berks, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to improvements in the catchbar mechanism of full-fashioned or other straight bar knitting machines and more particularly to means for constantly changing the point of engagement between the catchbar and the sinkers and dividers during the operation of such machines. In the operation of the usual full-fashioned knitting machines to form yarn into loops, the yarn is first sunk or indented between alternate pairs of needles by sinkers which are slurred forwardly by a slurcam reciprocated in opposite directions relative to the sinkers by the

coulier mechanism of the machine Following the sinking or indenting of the yarn by the last sinker, dividers which are alternately spaced with respect to the sinkers and which have vertical portions engaged in a slot in a catchbar, are advanced by the catchbar to indent the yarn between the remaining pairs of needles and equally divide the yarn between all of the needles To perform this indenting and dividing action the catch bar must exert considerable pressure against the dividers and while continuing to exert such pressure, the catchbar is lowered to enggae vertical portions of sinkers in the slot of the catchbar so that the remaining movements of both sinkers and dividers, in forming the loops, are simultaneously effected by the catch bar During this lowering of the catchbar, the sliding engagement between the thin edges of the dividers and the same points on the advancing surface of the catchbar soon cuts or wears grooves in the advancing surface thereby requiring frequent adjustments or replacement of the catchbar to maintain the correct function of the dividers in the formation of the loops. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide means in a full-fashioned knitting 50 machine which will overcome the above mentioned and other difficulties in the operation of the catchbar. Another object of the invention is to provide means in a full-fashioned knitting machine to 55 operate the catchbar in a manner to distribute the wear caused by the dividers over a greater portion of the surface of the catchbar to thereby increase the operating life of the catchbar. A further object of the invention is to provide 60 means to shift the catchbar lengthwise to and fro to thereby change the point of engagement between the catchbar and dividers. A still further object of the invention is to provide means to shift the catchbar lengthwise 65 to change the point of engagement between the catchbar and dividers which means is operated by a reciprocating part of the machine. Still another object of the invention is to provide means to progressively and con 70 tinuously move the catchbar lengthwise in opposite directions to change the point of engagement between the catchbar and the dividers, which means is operated by the coulier mechanism during predetermined re 75 ciprocations thereof. With these and other objects in view which will become apparent from the following detailed description of the illustrative embodiment of the invention shown in the 80 accompanying drawings, the invention resides in the novel elements, features of construction and cooperation of parts, as hereinafter more particularly pointed out in the claims. In the drawings: 85 Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view taken

transversely through a portion of a fullfashioned knitting machine showing mechanism for shifting the catchbar transversely to the sinker-head according to the invention; 90 N 785,521 Fig 2 is plan view of a portion of the mechanism shown in Fig 1; Fig 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Fig 1; Fig 4 is a view on an enlarged scale similar to a portion of Fig 1 and showing the means for shifting the catchbar; Fig 5 is a plan view on an enlarged scale of the mechanism taken in the direction of the arrows 5-5 of Fig 4; Fig 6 is a cross-sectional view on an enlarged scale taken on the line 6-6 of Fig 4; Fig 7 is a view taken in the direction of the arrows 7-7 of Fig 4; Fig 8 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 8-8 of Fig 7; Fig 9 is a cross-sectional view taken substanially along the line 9-9 of Fig 4; and Fig 10 is a view taken substantially along the line 10-10 of Fig 7, parts being shown broken away and in cross section. Referring to Fig 1 of the drawings there is shown a portion of a usual multi-section fullfashioned laitting machine including a transverse center frame 10, a center bed 12 and a cam shaft 15 The center bed 12 together with the usual front beam, back beam and front bed, (not shown) extend lengthwise of the machine and are secured to the center frames and end frames (not shown) to maintain the frames in spaced relation along the machine. The c-nter bed 12 carries a sinker-head 16 for each section of the machine having a base member 17 and a cap member 20 which are provided with aligned slots in which sinkers 21 and dividers 22 are slidably carried in the usual manner; The sinkers 21 and dividers 22 are advanced and retracted to form yarn into loops around needles 25 carried in a bar, a portion of which is shown at 26. The sinkers 21 are advanced in the sinkerhead 16 by jacks 27 which are operated by a slurcam 30 carried in a slurcam box or housing 31 mounted for sliding movement on a bar 32 extending along the machine and fixed on the center bed 12 The slurcani box 31 for each section is secured to a connecting bar 35 which is attached to and reciprocated by the coulier mechanism of the machine (not shown) to slur the jacks 27 and advance the sinkers The dividers 22 are advanced and retracted in the siker-head 16 by a catchbar 36 which is provided with a slot 38 for engaging the backs of the dividers in the usual manner The catchbar 36 carries spaced arms 37 each of which is pivotally and slidably mounted on a stud 39 (Fig 2) in a lever 40 secured to a shaft 41 pivotally mounted in bearings carried on the frame members 10 in a usual manner. The shaf 41 also has cam levers 42 fixed thereto which are provided with cam followers 45 for engaging cams 46 on the camshaft 15. The catchbar 36 is adapted to be lowered to engage the backs of the

sinkers 21 in the slot 38 to retract and advance the sinkers with the dividers 22 For so lowering the catchbar 36, each arm 37 is provided with an extension 47, which has pivotal engagement with a vertical link 50 pivotally and slidably carried on a pin 49 (Fig 3) fixed in an arm 51 secured to a shaft 70 52 Cam levers 55 also secured to the shaft 52 carry followers 56 for engagement with cams 57 on the camshaft 15, the cams operating the levers and shaft to raise and lower the arms 47 and catchbar 36 75 Upon the start of the formation of the loops the needles 25 are in their high position and as the yarn is fed across the noses of the sinkers 21 and dividers 22, the sinkers are advanced by the slur cam 30 to sink the yarn between 80 alternate needles When the last sinker has been advanced, the catchbar 36 is advanced by levers 40 and 42 and the cams 46 to sink or divide the yarn between the remaining needles. During this advance of the catchbar 36 con 85 siderable pressure is exerted between the trailing or pushing surface of the slot 38 and the backs of the dividers With the catchbar 36 still maintaining pressure against the dividers, it is lowered so that the backs of the sinkers 21 90 also enter the slot 38 and the catchbar is then operated to retract and advance both sinkers and dividers as the loops are formed and to return the sinkers and dividers to fully retracted position for the start of the next course of 95 loops The repeated vertical sliding engagement between the dividers and the same points of the pushing edge within the slot 38 of the catchbar 36 soon wears grooves in the pushing edge which results in defective operation of the 100 dividers unless the catchbar is repaired or replaced. In order to reduce the wear in the slot 38 to a minimum and therefore greatly extend the life of the catchbar means are provided accord 105 ing to the instant invention to progressively shift the catchbar to and fro along its longitudinal axis to constantly change the points of contact between the pushing edge and the divider backs Preferably the means for 110 shifting the catchbar along its length includes a bracket 60 secured to the catchbar 36 by bolts 61 (Figs 4 and 5) The bracket 60 is provided with arms 62 having facing side walls for engagement with flat side walls 66 of a 115 bushing or collar 67 (Fig 6) The collar 67 is rotatably carried on a stud 70 secured in one arm 71 of a lever 72, the collar being positioned on the stud between a head portion 73 of the stud and the arm 71 The lever 72 is pivotally 120 mounted on a stud 75 secured in a bracket 76 secured by bolts 77 to a part of the machine frame, as shown in Figs 4 and 7. The lever 72 has a downwardly extending bifurcated portion 80 which is provided with 125 facing side walls 81 engaging flat side walls 82 of a bushing or collar 85 The collar 85 is rotatably mounted on an enlarged portion 86 of a stud 87 which has a portion 90 reduced in

diameter in relation to the portion 86 for 130 causes the eccentric portion 86 of the stud to turn the lever 72 alternately in clockwise and counterclockwise directions to constantly shift the catchbar in small increments along its long axis or transversely -to the sinker-heads 16 to 70 thereby constantly -change the point of contact between the catchbar and the sinkers 21 and dividers 22 within the limits of the overall movement-of the catchbar as determined by the eccentricity of the portion 86 Furtherntore, it 75 will be obvious that the mechanism and operation may readily be changed to vary the overall extent of movement of the catchbar and to vary the frequency of the overall movements of the catchbar as desired 80


* GB785522 (A)

Description: GB785522 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Process for the preparation of cereal starch

Description of GB785522 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip



COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Process for the preparation of Cereal Starch I, CURT MICHAEL BERNHEIM, a Swiss citizen, of 46 Breitensteinstrasse,

Zurich, Switzerland, do hereby declare the invention for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: The present invention relates to a process for the separation of cereal starch from cereal flour, e.g. wheaten starch from wheaten flour. In previously known processes the commercial cereal flour is washed out with water in so-called extractors. In this way a starch milk is formed which, in addition to the actual starch, also contains sticky residues and particles of raw fibres as impurities. These raw starch milks are hetero-dispersions, i.e. they contain particles ranging in size from a few microns to 100 microns and over. In order to obtain starch free from impurities the raw starch milk is treated in centrifugal separators, in which a separation of the larger from the finer grains is effected. The large grains consist only of starch, which on further treatment yields the so-called best-quality starch. The fine grains, however, are more or less a waste product, containing sticky residues and particles of raw fibre in addition to the starch. These impurities are difficult to remove, so that the product is only a second-grade starch of little commercial value. It is therefore of increasing technical and economic interest to carry out the manufacture of starch so as to form only small amounts of second-grade starch and to obtain large-grained first-quality starch, free from sticky residues and raw fibres, as the main product. It is an object of the present invention to provide such a process. According to the present invention a process for the production of starch from cereal flour comprises subjecting the flour to treatment to separate the finer particles therefrom and subjecting the larger particle fraction remaining to aqueous treatment to separate starch therefrom. Preferably according to the invention the separation of the finer particles from the flour is effected by a centrifugal separation. The cereal flour is suspended in a current of air and exposed to centrifugal force. A very sharp separation corresponding to the weight of the materials, i.e. to their grain size, occurs in which the fine grains fall on one side and the coarse grains on the other. The coarse grains obtained in this way form an excellent starting material for the preparation of starch. The washing of the flour thus treated proceeds much more quickly and the separation of the starch milk is performed much more smoothly. Not only is a higher yield of firstquality starch obtained, but the total

yield is aiso greater. This arises because the wash water contains less light sediment, which is known to be difficult to extract and is therefore ordinarily abandoned. The following comparative Example will serve to illustrate the invention and the advantages obtained thereby. EXAMPLE A. (Known process). 100 kg. of wheaten flour (ash content 800 mg. per 100 g.) is washed with water to produce a starch milk. The gross yield of starch is about 65 kg. By separation of the finer suspended particles there is obtained about 52 kg. of best quality starch and about 13 kg. of second quality starch. B. (Process of the invention). From a further quantity of the same wheaten flour about 18 per cent of the particles of size of 25-35 microns is removed by centrifugal separation. 100 kg. of this pre-treated flour is washed to yield about 66 kg. of commercial wheaten flour starch of which 57 kg. is first-quality starch and 9 kg. is secondquality starch.
