Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness.

Unconscious theory• Conscious: Freud’s first level of awareness, consisting of

the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which people are aware.

• Preconscious: Freud’s second level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities of which people gain awareness by attending to them.

• Unconscious : Freud’s third level of awareness, consisting of the mental activities beyond people’s normal awareness.

Freud & Personality StructureId - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives

Pleasure Principle

Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic waysReality Principle

Super Ego

- voice of consciencethat focuses on howwe ought to behave

EgoSuperEgo

Id

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Erik Erikson: 1902 t0 1994

1. Born in Germany, an illegitimate child of Danish parents

2. This fact bothered him all his life

3. Dropped out of high school and spent time traveling in Europe and studying art

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Trust vs Mistrust:Infancy (Birth to approx. 1.5/2 Years)

The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.2

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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Early Childhood (1.5/2 - 3 Years)

Securely attached children next face the challenge of autonomy, or doing things on their own

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Initiative vs Guilt:Preschool (3 - 5 Years)

• Initiative is characterized by an exploratory and investigative attitude that results from meeting and accepting challenges

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Industry vs Inferiority:School Age (6 - 11 Years)

• Industry is the enjoyment of mastery and competence through success and recognition of one’s accomplishment(s)

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Identity vs Confusion:Adolescence 12 – 18 Years

• In the adolescent years, youths develop a desire for independence from parents, achieve physical maturity and are concerned with the question of “Who am I?”

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Intimacy vs Isolation:Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Years)

• A person with a firm sense of identity is prepared for intimacy, or giving the self over to another.

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Generativity vs Stagnation: Middle Adulthood (40 – 65 Years)

• The key characteristics of generativity are creativity, productivity and concern for and commitment to guiding the next generation

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Identity vs Despair:Old Age (65 to death)

• People who accept themselves, conclude that they only have one life to live, live it as well as possible and have few regrets are seen as having integrity

Cattell’s 16 personality dimensions Reserved vs. Warm Concrete Abstract Reactive Emotionally stable Deferential Dominant Serious Lively Expedient Rule-conscientious Shy Bold Tough Minded Sensitive Trusting Vigilant Practical Imaginative Forthright Private Self-assured Apprehensive Traditional Open to change Group-oriented Self-reliant Tolerates disorder Perfectionist Relaxed Tense

Eric Berne – Transactional Analysis

Ego States

• Berne believed that when we interact with other people, our state of mind affects what happens

• He believed that there were three states of mind in all humans, no matter how old they were, called ego states.

ADULT

CHILD

PARENT

Characteristics of Ego States

• Each ego state has particular verbal and non-verbal characteristics, which can be observed, if you are watching people.

• Each ego state has a positive and negative aspect

Look at the sentences below and match the ego state to the sentence.

1. It’s not my fault my drink got spilt on your new carpet

2. I wonder what might have caused that accident

3. For goodness sake, clean up that mess.

4. Shall we clean up the mess together with a wet cloth?

CHILD

ADULT

PARENT

Transactions

• Berne said that when people are in their different ego states and they interact with other people, four main types of transaction (or interaction) can happen.

• To make it easy to analyse what is happening, Berne developed a little diagram like this, to represent a person with their three ego states Parent, Adult and Child.

P

A

C

Interacts with Person B on right

P

A

C

Types of Transaction

Complementary Transactions

P

A

C

P

A

C

“You’re three hours late, I want an explanation.”

MANAGER EMPLOYEE

“I’m really sorry, I slept through the alarm, it won’t happen again, I promise.”

This is a complementary transaction because the employee accepts the child ego state assigned to him by the manager and responds in child ego state.

Crossed Transaction

P

A

C

P

A

C

MANAGER EMPLOYEE

“You’re three hours late, I want an explanation.”

“Oh, didn’t you get held up by that crash on the motorway as well?”

This is a crossed transaction because although the manager, parent ego state, attempted to address the employee as a child, the employee refuses this ego state and responds in adult ego state to the manager’s ego state.

A crossed transaction is any transaction where the person being spoken to refuses the ego state they are assigned by the first speaker.

Angular Transaction

P

A

C

P

A

C

SALES PERSON

CUSTOMER

“That’s the latest iPod and there’s 50% off at the moment, if you are interested”

“Wow, that’s amazing – I’ll take one!”

This is an Angular Transaction because the sales person is talking on more than one level, appearing to address the customer’s Adult ego state but trying to hook the customer’s Child ego state, because the Child is impulsive and may be seduced by the 50% off the iPod and buy it! This is what happens, and the customer answers in Child ego state and buys the iPod!

Life Positions

• there are four possible life positions

I’m not OK, You’re OK

I’m not OK, You’re not OK

I’m OK, You’re not OK

I’m OK, You’re OK