Basic Foot Anatomy and Foot Mechanics

Foot Anatomy and Foot Foot Anatomy and Foot MechanicsMechanics

Session ContentSession Content1. Familiarization with Foot

Anatomy2. Familiarization with Foot

Mechanics3. Basics of Measuring Foot Size4. Size Systems 5. Shoe Fitting

Foot Anatomy and

Foot Mechanics

Foot KnowledgeFoot Knowledge• Feet bear the full weight of the

body and as such are the foundation of the body

• On average a person can take up to 18,000 steps per day

• A 70 year old person will have walked in their lifetime, an average distance equivalent to walking around the world 3 times

Foot AnatomyFoot AnatomyThe skeleton of the foot is made up of 26 bones.

TARSUS – heel of the foot•Consists of 7 irregularly shaped bones at the back of the foot

METATARSUS – middle of the foot•Consists of 5 long bones along the middle of the foot.

PHALANGES – toes•Consists of 14 short bones that form the toes

Foot AnantomyFoot AnantomyThe skeleton of the foot is made up of 26 bones.

BALL ARCH

Inputs required from Mr. Sadhu

Foot AnatomyFoot Anatomy1. The main joints of the foot are:2. Ankle Joint – a hinge joint3. Sub Taler – a gliding joint 4. Mid Tarsal – a gliding & ball-and-

socket joint

5. The skeleton of the foot is held together by:

6. 109 ligaments 7. 32 Muscles and tendons (for

movement)

Types of FeetTypes of Feet

• ECTOMORPHIC – Long and thin

• MESOMORPHIC – Muscular and heavy boned

• ENDOMORPHIC – Small bones and fleshy

Normal & Normal & Abnormal FootAbnormal Foot

Change in foot Change in foot dimensionsdimensions

While Weight Bearing• The foot becomes longer• It also becomes wider

across the ball.• The heel becomes wider

and arch lower

On an average foot increase by approx. 5% (in volume) by the night. The percentage can increase in warm weather and decrease in cold weather

Measuring Foot size

Measuring Foot Measuring Foot sizesize

Standing1. Measure both feet2. Measure the longest

toe3. Always measure the

foot size from the foot not from the shoe

Measuring Foot Measuring Foot sizesize

Sitting 1. The foot must be correctly positioned

in the foot gauge2. The stool must be in line with the leg3. The heel must be right back to the

pillar4. The angle between the leg and foot

must be 90 degrees5. The foot must be correctly aligned

VISUAL OF SCALE

Sizing

Size ChartsSize Charts

Revolutions

Mens Womens Kids

English French

Two commonly accepted size systems : English : Measured in inches eg. Mens size

8 = 11 inchesFrench : Measured in centimeters eg. Mens size 42 = 28 cms

Size Conversion Size Conversion ChartChart

English CAT SCALE 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48CHILD 2-5 2 3 4 5

CHILD 5-8 5 6 7 8

CHILD 9-12 9 10 11 12

CHILD 11-1 11 12 13 1

TEEN 2-5 2 3 4 5

LADIES 3-8 3 4 5 6 7 8

GENTS 6-13 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

French

• Between two French Sizes the difference in length is 2/3rd of a cms. or 0.66 cms

• Between two English Sizes the difference in length is 1/3rd of an inch or 0.846 centimeters

Blank corresponding to French Size

Shoe Fitting

Check points while Check points while fitting a shoefitting a shoe

1. For what activity will the shoe be worn ?

2. Where will the shoe be worn ?

3. Any extreme variations in temperature?

4. How long will the customer wear the shoe at a stretch?

5. Style Preference ?

Shoe Fitting Shoe Fitting PointersPointers

• Measure both feet. No two feet are the same size. Fit shoes for the larger foot

• Ask customer to wiggle toes in the shoes. If he/ she can’t, the shoes are probably too small. 3/8" to 1/2" of space between your longest toe and the end of the shoe is recommended

Shoe Fitting Shoe Fitting PointersPointers

• Ask the customer to walk around the store to ensure a comfortable fit before buying

• Ask the customer to walk on different floor surfaces (available in store) prior to buying

• Provide customer with socks to try on shoes with which he/ she will wear them

Check points while Check points while fitting a shoefitting a shoe

• Mr. Sadhu

Shoe fitting forShoe fitting forChildrenChildren

1. Ill- fitting shoes can damage children’s feet. Harm can be done without causing pain to the child.

2. Extreme caution to be exercised while fitting a shoe for a child

3. Complete freedom of movement is essential in a childs shoe

Shoe fitting forShoe fitting forAbnormal feetAbnormal feet

Mr. Sadhu

• High arch• Low Arch• Flat foot

Shoe fitting forShoe fitting forAbnormal feetAbnormal feet

Mr. Sadhu

• High arch• Low Arch• Flat foot• Hammer Toe• Ingrown Toenails

Shoe fitting forShoe fitting forfeet with minor foot feet with minor foot

ailmentsailmentsDISORDER CAUSE SUGGESTION

Blistera bubble on the skin filled with fluid Caused by friction in socks or shoes that are loose

and slip aroundCorrect sizing of the shoe

Cornhard thickening of the skin that has a central core where pressure is severe

Excess pressure or friction usually due to footwear that is too tight

Correct sizing of the shoe

Bunioninflammation and swelling on the side of a joint Prolonged compression of the toes in a short shoe Shoes that come in various width sizes

Ingrown Toenailtoenail grows into the skin and flesh Pressure on the nails from crowding of toes or too

short shoes or hosieryCorrect sizing of the shoe

Hammer Toejoint of the toe is permanently bent downward Shoe too short or narrow pointed shoes Correct sizing of the shoe

High In-step or High Arch Congenital Tendency Very good arch support or motion control athletic shoes

DISORDER CAUSE SUGGESTION

Bunion Hammertoes

Worn Shoe Worn Shoe EvaluationEvaluation

Some people “age” their shoes prematurely. The cause can be the foot, the fit, the shoe or all

three.

Worn Shoe Worn Shoe Evaluation at Evaluation at RevolutionsRevolutions1. Evaluate worn shoe

2. Assess if ‘age’/ wear and tear is due to – FIT– SHOE

1. If yes, inform the customer of the shoe wear and tear due to appropriate fit/ shoe

2. Recommend a more appropriate fit or shoe to the customer


1. Wear on the sole should be even2. If the wear is forward, then the shoe is

too short3. If the shoe is worn on the outside edge

or the inside, then the shoe is too narrow or the person leans outwards or inwards

4. If the toe of the shoe is turning up then the shoe is too long

PICTURES


1. Normally the vamp will not develop excessive wrinkles or creases, nor it will have pronounced indications of each of the toes

2. A shoe that is too wide will develop large creases or folds across the vamp

3. A shoe that has toes impressions on vamp is too short or too narrow, or made on the last which isn’t appropriate

PICTURES

Same Size Same Size Different Foot Different Foot

ShapeShape

Check List for Check List for Assessing Shoe FitAssessing Shoe Fit

• Shoe Length– Leave 3/8” to

1/2” between longest toe and end of the shoe.

– Space for the fourth and fifth toe

Disorders of Foot Disorders of Foot which affect which affect

FootwearFootwear


• Heel to Ball (Arch Length)– Joint of the big toe fits into ball “pocket”

of shoe.• Ball to Toe

– Shoe is not too long or too short from ball to end of toes.

• Heel to outer ball– Outer ball joint fits into outer pocket of

the shoe.



• Ball Width and Vamp Room– Adequate space across the vamp

of the shoe– Width of the insole same as the

width of the foot.• Heel Fit

– Not too tight or too loose, “snug” fit.

– Top of counter does not “cut into” heel tendon

– Inside and outside ankle bones do not rub against top line of shoe.

Fig: Right heel in shoe. The slight offset between the axis of the leg and the axis of the shoe puts stress on the shoe counter, hence the need for a firm and substantial shoe counter.


• Top Line– Fits snugly to sides of the foot.

• Instep of Waist– With slip-ons it is important

that the shoes are not too tight and not too loose but must be snug enough to hold the foot.

– With laced shoe it is possible to adjust the fit over the instep


• Arch Fit– Shoe hugs closely to the foot on the inside

of the shoe under the longitudinal arch.• Tread

– Shoe fits securely, customer feels balanced and stable and walks comfortably.


ExerciseExercise• Identifying parts of a foot• Measuring foot size• Assessing shoe fits

Lifestyle

Basic Foot Anatomy and Foot Mechanics