Dr. Makhdoom A . JabbarDr. Makhdoom A . JabbarExecutive MemberExecutive Member

Punjab Agri. Research Board Punjab Agri. Research Board LahoreLahore

CALF FATTENING

BackgroundBackground Increase in demand of animal origin food

due to:– Population growth– Urbanization– Income growth– Changing consumer preferences– Export potential

Per Capita Meat ConsumptionPer Capita Meat Consumption (KG) (KG) 1983-20201983-2020

CountriesCountries 19831983 19931993 20202020Developed world 74 76 83

Developing world

14 21 30

Pakistan 11 16 47

Source: Delgado, et al 1999, Livestock to 2020 The Next Food Revolution & GOP 2003, TCP-Pak-0168: Livestock Action Plan Draft Report MINFAL

Per Capita Meat Per Capita Meat ConsumptionConsumption

SourceSource KgKg

BeefBeef 7.267.26

MuttonMutton 4.804.80

Poultry meatPoultry meat 2.902.90

TotalTotal 14.9614.96

Meat ProductionMeat ProductionYearYear BeefBeef MuttonMutton PoultryPoultry TotalTotal1999-1999-0000

986986 649649 322322 19571957

2000-2000-0101

10101010 666666 339339 20152015

2001-2001-0202

10341034 683683 335335 20532053

2002-2002-0303

10601060 702702 370370 21322132

2003-2003-0404

10871087 723723 402402 22122212

2004-2004-0505

11151115 740740 416416 22702270

Economic Survey of Pakistan –2004-05

000 Tons

Meat Production in Meat Production in PakistanPakistan

49%

33%

18%

Poultry

BeefMutton

Beef Production SystemsBeef Production Systems Traditional & InefficientTraditional & Inefficient Slaughtering of Baby CalvesSlaughtering of Baby Calves Calves raised 60-80 kg (Calves raised 60-80 kg (on unbalanced on unbalanced

diet) diet) End of Career AnimalsEnd of Career Animals Emergency Slaughter AnimalsEmergency Slaughter Animals Limited Commercial Fattening Limited Commercial Fattening

ActivityActivity

Quality Beef ProductionQuality Beef Production Maximum weight gainMaximum weight gain Obtain high proportion of musclesObtain high proportion of muscles having desirable eating having desirable eating

characteristicscharacteristics Cut based marketingCut based marketing

Feedlot ProblemsFeedlot Problems Investment Investment Technical guidanceTechnical guidance Operational problemsOperational problems Price ceilingPrice ceiling Middle manMiddle man Processing & packingProcessing & packing Marketing channelsMarketing channels

Feedlot Feedlot HousingHousing • Selection of SiteSelection of Site• Covered & Open Covered & Open

Area Area • Direction of SunDirection of Sun• Construction of Construction of

ShedShed• Feeding & Feeding &

Watering SpaceWatering Space• Feed Store & Feed Store &

Office/DispensarOffice/Dispensaryy

• Boundary Wall Boundary Wall

Selection of AnimalsSelection of Animals Urban Markets / Urban Markets /

Remote VillagesRemote Villages Healthy animalsHealthy animals Age of CalvesAge of Calves Weight above Weight above

average of that ageaverage of that age Cow / Buffalo Cow / Buffalo

calvescalves Live weight basisLive weight basis

Before Fattening

After Fattening

Quarantine / Adaptation Quarantine / Adaptation PeriodPeriod

DewormingDeworming– Internal / External ParasitiesInternal / External Parasities

VaccinationVaccination– H.S., Foot & MouthH.S., Foot & Mouth

SwitchingSwitching from forage to from forage to concentrateconcentrate

feedingfeeding Fresh clean waterFresh clean water

Feed ResourcesFeed Resources RoughagesRoughages

Dry RoughagesDry Roughages Wheat StrawWheat Straw Rice StrawRice Straw Oat StrawOat Straw Pulses StrawPulses Straw Maize / Sorghum StubblesMaize / Sorghum Stubbles Sugarcane BagasseSugarcane Bagasse Corn CobsCorn Cobs

Feed ResourcesFeed Resources

Summer Summer ForagesForages

MaizeMaize SorghumSorghum MilletMillet Mot GrassMot Grass Sada BaharSada Bahar GuaraGuara

Winter ForagesWinter Forages BerseemBerseem LucernLucern OatsOats Rye GrassRye Grass TurnipsTurnips Sugarcane Sugarcane topstops

Green Forages

Forage Availability Forage Availability PatternPattern

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

J F M A M J J A S O N D

CONCENTRATES Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

– Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Oats, Maize, Sorghum, Wheat, Oats, BarleyBarleyMamni, Rice polishing, Wheat Mamni, Rice polishing, Wheat bran, bran, Maize bran, Rice bran, Molasses.Maize bran, Rice bran, Molasses.

Protein SourcesProtein Sources– Cotton seed cake/meal, Rapeseed Cotton seed cake/meal, Rapeseed

cake/meal, Canola meal, Sunflower cake/meal, Canola meal, Sunflower cake/meal, cake/meal, Corn gluten feed/meal, Maize oil Corn gluten feed/meal, Maize oil cake, cake, Soybean meal, Urea.Soybean meal, Urea.

Chemical Composition of Energy Chemical Composition of Energy SourcesSources

IngredientIngredient DM, %DM, % Protein, Protein, %%

TDN, %TDN, % ME, ME, MCal/kgMCal/kg

MaizeMaize 89.6189.61 9.809.80 81.281.2 2.942.94SorghumSorghum 90.2090.20 15.7515.75 78.578.5 2.842.84WheatWheat 92.7092.70 12.8012.80 78.978.9 2.852.85OatsOats 91.9491.94 9.529.52 75.175.1 2.712.71BarleyBarley 91.4091.40 10.2110.21 77.277.2 2.792.79MamniMamni 90.1090.10 17.0017.00 60.1060.10 2.602.60Rice polishRice polish 92.6092.60 11.6611.66 89.9089.90 3.253.25Wheat Wheat branbran

91.4091.40 14.9914.99 71.0071.00 2.572.57

Rice branRice bran 89.1089.10 14.014.0 68.1268.12 1.891.89MolassesMolasses 82.3082.30 3.043.04 80.5080.50 2.912.91

Chemical Composition of Protein Chemical Composition of Protein SourcesSources

IngredientIngredient Protein, %Protein, % TDN, %TDN, % ME MCal/kgME MCal/kg

Cotton S. CakeCotton S. Cake 21.0421.04 63.463.4 2.292.29

Cotton S. MealCotton S. Meal 41.5941.59 80.080.0 2.912.91

Rape S. CakeRape S. Cake 31.1531.15 79.879.8 2.882.88

Rape S. MealRape S. Meal 34.1034.10 72.1072.10 2.502.50

Canola MealCanola Meal 32.1032.10 72.0072.00 2.502.50

Sunflower Sunflower CakeCake

30.4730.47 69.7069.70 2.522.52

C.Gluten M C.Gluten M 30%30%

27.8027.80 77.5077.50 2.812.81

Maize oil cakeMaize oil cake 18.0018.00 82.5082.50 2.852.85

Soybean mealSoybean meal 48.1548.15 76.5076.50 3.193.19

Total Mixed Ration (TMR)Total Mixed Ration (TMR)

Dry matter %Dry matter % 87~90 87~90 Crude protein %Crude protein % 14~15%14~15% TDN %TDN % 55~6055~60 ME (M. cal/kg)ME (M. cal/kg) 2.2~2.42.2~2.4 Daily allowanceDaily allowance 3% of BW3% of BW Expected growthExpected growth > 1.0 kg/day> 1.0 kg/day raterate

A typical TMR for A typical TMR for fatteningfattening

Feed ingredients PercentageCotton seed cake 14.0Canola meal 15.0Wheat straw 25.0Urea 0.50Maize ground 15.0Rice polish 14.0Mineral mixture 2.00Vit. mixture 0.50Molasses 14.0Total 100.0Protein =16% Energy =2.50 Mcal/kg

Ration Preparation

Composition of Ration Composition of Ration Trial -1 Trial -1

IngredientsIngredients %%Wheat strawWheat straw 24.524.5Cottonseed cakeCottonseed cake 35.035.0Rapeseed cakeRapeseed cake 15.015.0MolassesMolasses 25.025.0Mineral MixtureMineral Mixture 00.500.5Crude Protein, %Crude Protein, % 13.513.5TDN, %TDN, % 55.055.0

Performance of CalvesPerformance of CalvesParametersParameters Buffalo Buffalo

CalvesCalvesX-bred X-bred CalvesCalves

No. of animalsNo. of animals 1010 1010Days on experimentDays on experiment 112112 112112Av. Initial wt., kgAv. Initial wt., kg 152.14152.14 157.42157.42Av. Final wt., kgAv. Final wt., kg 258.0258.0 272.71272.71Av. Total wt. gain, kgAv. Total wt. gain, kg 105.86105.86 115.29115.29Av. Daily wt. gain, kgAv. Daily wt. gain, kg 0.9450.945 1.031.03Av. Daily ration consumed, Av. Daily ration consumed, kg kg

7.117.11 7.527.52

Av. Ration required / kg Av. Ration required / kg gain gain

7.527.52 7.307.30

Dressing PercentageDressing Percentage 51.4351.43 54.4854.48

Composition of Ration Composition of Ration Trial 2Trial 2

IngredientsIngredients PercentagePercentageBarleyBarley 1212Maize oil cakeMaize oil cake 66Wheat branWheat bran 1818Maize gluten feed, 20%Maize gluten feed, 20% 1010Wheat StrawWheat Straw 3232UreaUrea 11MolassesMolasses 2020Mineral MixtureMineral Mixture 11TotalTotal 100100

Performance of CalvesPerformance of CalvesBreedBreed Daily Daily

Gain,gGain,gFCRFCR Dressing %Dressing %

SahiwalSahiwal 797797 4.774.77 49.3749.37

X-BredX-Bred 896896 4.764.76 49.2049.20

Non-Non-descriptdescript

854854 4.764.76 52.0652.06

BuffaloBuffalo 932932 4.934.93 48.5448.54

CholistaniCholistani 881881 4.984.98 51.8351.83

DajalDajal 864864 4.874.87 52.2752.27

• Fodder - 10% of body weightFodder - 10% of body weight• Concentrate – 1% of body weightConcentrate – 1% of body weight• Growth rate – 700-800 g/ dayGrowth rate – 700-800 g/ day• Cheaper and more suitable for rural Cheaper and more suitable for rural

areasareas

Fodder + Concentrate Fodder + Concentrate SupplementSupplement

Concentrate Concentrate formulaformula

Ingredients PercentageCotton seed cake 15.0Maize gluten 30% 15.0Wheat bran 15.0Maize grains 25.0Rice polish 15.0Mineral mixture 2.0Molasses 13.0Total 100.0

ConclusionConclusion Feeding of calves for 90-100 days Feeding of calves for 90-100 days

on medium energy diet yield on medium energy diet yield excellent growth rates.excellent growth rates.

The profit margin is about 15-20.The profit margin is about 15-20.

Farmer should sell quality meat Farmer should sell quality meat after proper processing and after proper processing and packing through organized sales packing through organized sales outlet/exporters. outlet/exporters.

Thank You