CHAPTER 2THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1775-1783 REVIEW

CHAPTER 2THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1775-1783 REVIEW

The Seven Years’ War was fought from1756 to 1763.The Seven Years’ War was fought from1756 to 1763.

FranceFrance

SpainSpain

EnglandEngland

The British Navydeclined in theyears after the Seven Years War .

The British Navydeclined in theyears after the Seven Years War .

France began torebuild its navyimmediatelyafter the war.

France began torebuild its navyimmediatelyafter the war.

The Americancolonies grewand prosperedduring the SevenYears’ War.

The Americancolonies grewand prosperedduring the SevenYears’ War.

13 Colonies 176313 Colonies 1763

This decree, passedin 1763 to pay offwar debts built upduring the Frenchand Indian War,taxed England’sexports to the colonies.

This decree, passedin 1763 to pay offwar debts built upduring the Frenchand Indian War,taxed England’sexports to the colonies.

The Revenue ActThe Revenue Act

King George IIIKing George III

The Stamp Act of 1765The Stamp Act of 1765

It required that everypaper document,from legal documents,newspapers, shipspapers, publications,and even playingcards, carry a stampon it to raise moneyfor the defense of thecolonies.

It required that everypaper document,from legal documents,newspapers, shipspapers, publications,and even playingcards, carry a stampon it to raise moneyfor the defense of thecolonies.

The Townshend ActThe Townshend Act

This act, passed in 1767, taxed paper,lead, and tea.This act, passed in 1767, taxed paper,lead, and tea.

British soldiers shot and killed several people including Crispus Attucks. They were the first casualties of the American Revolution.

British soldiers shot and killed several people including Crispus Attucks. They were the first casualties of the American Revolution.

Boston Massacre5 March 1770

Boston Massacre5 March 1770

Samuel Adams and Bostonians, disguisedas Indians, dumped British tea into theharbor rather than pay taxes on it.

Samuel Adams and Bostonians, disguisedas Indians, dumped British tea into theharbor rather than pay taxes on it.

Boston Tea Party - 1773Boston Tea Party - 1773

SamuelAdamsSamuelAdams

The Coercive ActsThe Coercive Acts

• Passed in retribution for the Boston Tea Party

• Closed the port of Boston

• Abolished the right of the people of Massachusetts to select their own council

• Restricted other civil liberties

• Passed in retribution for the Boston Tea Party

• Closed the port of Boston

• Abolished the right of the people of Massachusetts to select their own council

• Restricted other civil liberties

WAR!WAR!

Lexington and ConcordApril 1775

Lexington and ConcordApril 1775

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Concord19 April 1775

Lexington19 April 1775

The colonies had been supplying mostof England’s ship-building materials:

• Timber for masts and hulls• Turpentine• Pitch• Tar

The colonies had been supplying mostof England’s ship-building materials:

• Timber for masts and hulls• Turpentine• Pitch• Tar

Privateers(licensed pirates)

Privateers(licensed pirates)

Armed American merchant ships thathad helped the British win the Frenchand Indian War or Seven Years’ War

Armed American merchant ships thathad helped the British win the Frenchand Indian War or Seven Years’ War

American privateers that once helpedthe British now captured British shipsand goods with the blessing of theContinental Congress.

American privateers that once helpedthe British now captured British shipsand goods with the blessing of theContinental Congress.

These ships carried coastal commerce,attacked British supply boats, and keptopen the coastal lines of communicationon which so much of life in the coloniesdepended.

These ships carried coastal commerce,attacked British supply boats, and keptopen the coastal lines of communicationon which so much of life in the coloniesdepended.

The Coastal CavalryThe Coastal Cavalry

Congress was initially reluctant to establish a Continental navy because of the “coastal cavalry” force.

Congress was initially reluctant to establish a Continental navy because of the “coastal cavalry” force.

Congress bought, fitted out, and armedthe Andrew Doria and the Cabot tointercept British supply ships.

Congress bought, fitted out, and armedthe Andrew Doria and the Cabot tointercept British supply ships.

Congress soon addedtwo larger ships, theAlfred and the Columbus.

Congress soon addedtwo larger ships, theAlfred and the Columbus.

AlfredAlfred

ColumbusColumbus

Privateers captured some 2,200British vessels by war’s end, and manyprivateer captains would becomefamous in the new U.S. Navy.

Privateers captured some 2,200British vessels by war’s end, and manyprivateer captains would becomefamous in the new U.S. Navy.

George Washington commissionedseven ships to capture British supplies,and in 1775, his “navy” took muskets,shot, and a huge mortar.

George Washington commissionedseven ships to capture British supplies,and in 1775, his “navy” took muskets,shot, and a huge mortar.

Birth of the Marine Corps

10 November 1775

Birth of the Marine Corps

10 November 1775

Personnel ProblemsPersonnel Problems

In the early days ofwar, men were eagerto serve.

As war continued,it became difficultto recruit becauseof stricter discipline,low pay, and rewardsobtained byprivateering.

In the early days ofwar, men were eagerto serve.

As war continued,it became difficultto recruit becauseof stricter discipline,low pay, and rewardsobtained byprivateering.

Forcing men to serve in the Navy by taking them on board ship against their willForcing men to serve in the Navy by taking them on board ship against their will

ImpressmentImpressment

Finding men to serve in the Navy wouldbe a problem throughout the war, andships were often unable to go to seabecause they lacked crews.

Finding men to serve in the Navy wouldbe a problem throughout the war, andships were often unable to go to seabecause they lacked crews.

First Continental naval squadron wascomposed of six small schooners, brigs, and sloops assembled at Philadelphia.

First Continental naval squadron wascomposed of six small schooners, brigs, and sloops assembled at Philadelphia.

ESEK HOPKINS

ESEK HOPKINS

February 1776February 1776

Congress directs Hopkinsto neutralize loyalist craft in the Virginia Capes.

Congress directs Hopkinsto neutralize loyalist craft in the Virginia Capes.

ESEK HOPKINS

ESEK HOPKINS

Hopkins sailed to New Providence in the Bahamas and overcame two British forts and took more than eighty artillery pieces, powder, and naval stores.

Hopkins sailed to New Providence in the Bahamas and overcame two British forts and took more than eighty artillery pieces, powder, and naval stores.

ESEK HOPKINS

ESEK HOPKINS

The Nassau expedition turned out to be the last time American ships would put to sea as a squadron during the war.

The Nassau expedition turned out to be the last time American ships would put to sea as a squadron during the war.

In a single month, August 1776, Jonescaptured sixteen enemy vessels anddestroyed many others.

In a single month, August 1776, Jonescaptured sixteen enemy vessels anddestroyed many others.

John PaulJones

John PaulJones

John Paul Jones would becomelegendary among early Americannaval leaders.

John Paul Jones would becomelegendary among early Americannaval leaders.

American invasion of Canada in 1775 byGenerals Montgomery and Arnold

American invasion of Canada in 1775 byGenerals Montgomery and Arnold

GeneralRichard Montgomery

GeneralRichard Montgomery

GeneralBenedict Arnold

GeneralBenedict Arnold

Montgomery/Arnold

Arnold

(1,100)

(1,200)Montgomery

(1,500)Carleton

Quebec

Maine

Fort Ticonderoga

Boston

The Battle of Lake Champlain stopped the British advance in 1775The

When British reinforcements arrived,the American patriots retreated toward the colonies.

When British reinforcements arrived,the American patriots retreated toward the colonies.

General Sir Guy CarletonGeneral Sir

Guy CarletonGeneral

John BurgoyneGeneral

John Burgoyne

By not following the British plan, Howe contributed to the eventual defeat of the British in the Colonies. He was relieved and sent back to England.

By not following the British plan, Howe contributed to the eventual defeat of the British in the Colonies. He was relieved and sent back to England.

By the summer of 1777, Burgoyne’s forces were in trouble.

By the summer of 1777, Burgoyne’s forces were in trouble.

GeneralBurgoyneGeneral

Burgoyne

Battleof

Saratoga

Battleof

Saratoga

New YorkNew York

SaratogaSaratoga

On 19 September,Burgoyne marchedhis men, Europeanstyle, through anopen field to breakthrough theAmerican lines nearSaratoga, NY.

On 19 September,Burgoyne marchedhis men, Europeanstyle, through anopen field to breakthrough theAmerican lines nearSaratoga, NY.

The British made easy targets for American sharpshooters, who werefiring from behind trees.

The British made easy targets for American sharpshooters, who werefiring from behind trees.

On 7 October,Burgoyne led histrapped Redcoatsin a final attempt to break throughAmerican lines.

On 7 October,Burgoyne led histrapped Redcoatsin a final attempt to break throughAmerican lines.

Daniel Morgan’s riflemen mowed down the British, and Benedict Arnold led a charge.Daniel Morgan’s riflemen mowed down the British, and Benedict Arnold led a charge.

Daniel MorganDaniel Morgan Benedict ArnoldBenedict Arnold

The Turning PointThe Turning Point

General Burgoyne surrenderedat Saratoga, 1777.

General Burgoyne surrenderedat Saratoga, 1777.

Significance of theBattle of SaratogaSignificance of theBattle of Saratoga

• The British government was less willing to carry on the war.

• France, and later Spain and the Netherlands, came into the war as colonial allies.

• The British government was less willing to carry on the war.

• France, and later Spain and the Netherlands, came into the war as colonial allies.

Treaty of Friendship with France1778

Treaty of Friendship with France1778

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

American naval efforts in the war weremostly just a nuisance to Britain anddid not affect the outcome of the war.

American naval efforts in the war weremostly just a nuisance to Britain anddid not affect the outcome of the war.

• Hurt British trade in the West• Delayed troop reinforcements• Captured needed arms and supplies

• Hurt British trade in the West• Delayed troop reinforcements• Captured needed arms and supplies

Role of the PrivateersRole of the Privateers

Washington was right. Naval power would decide the outcome of the war, but in the end, it was French, not American, naval power that made the difference.

Washington was right. Naval power would decide the outcome of the war, but in the end, it was French, not American, naval power that made the difference.

Most Famous Officer of the Continental NavyMost Famous Officer

of the Continental Navy

John Paul Jones

John Paul Jones

The RangerThe Ranger

John Paul Jones renamed the EastIndiaman the Bonhomme Richardin honor of Benjamin Franklin, whohad written Poor Richard’s Almanac.

John Paul Jones renamed the EastIndiaman the Bonhomme Richardin honor of Benjamin Franklin, whohad written Poor Richard’s Almanac.

John PaulJones

John PaulJones

Bonhomme RichardBonhomme Richard

BonhommeRichard

vs.HMS Serapis

BonhommeRichard

vs.HMS Serapis

As the Bonhomme Richard slowlybegan to sink, John Paul Jones wasasked if he was ready to strike.

He replied with the immortal words,“I have not yet begun to fight!”

As the Bonhomme Richard slowlybegan to sink, John Paul Jones wasasked if he was ready to strike.

He replied with the immortal words,“I have not yet begun to fight!”

• Maintain the defensive in the northern colonies.

• Mount an offensive in the southern colonies.

• Take the war to the West Indies.

• Maintain the defensive in the northern colonies.

• Mount an offensive in the southern colonies.

• Take the war to the West Indies.

British Strategy in 1778British Strategy in 1778

Sir Henry Clinton now commanded British forces in the colonies. He abandoned Philadelphia to reinforce New York City.

Sir Henry Clinton now commanded British forces in the colonies. He abandoned Philadelphia to reinforce New York City.

Confident that Washington's troops were not a threat to New York City, Clinton set sail for Charleston, South Carolina, and surrounded the American forces.

Confident that Washington's troops were not a threat to New York City, Clinton set sail for Charleston, South Carolina, and surrounded the American forces.

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The last Continentalsquadron wascaptured during theBattle of Charlestonin 1780.

The ContinentalNavy was neveragain an effectivefighting force.

The last Continentalsquadron wascaptured during theBattle of Charlestonin 1780.

The ContinentalNavy was neveragain an effectivefighting force.

Southern Campaigns under General Cornwallis

Southern Campaigns under General Cornwallis

Cornwallis defeatedGates at Camden,S.C., and thenmoved into NorthCarolina whereWashington coulddo nothing to stophim.

Cornwallis defeatedGates at Camden,S.C., and thenmoved into NorthCarolina whereWashington coulddo nothing to stophim.

General CornwallisGeneral Cornwallis

Cornwallis followed Morgan and Greenethrough North Carolina and won a battleat Guilford Courthouse, but lost so manymen that he had to retreat.

Cornwallis followed Morgan and Greenethrough North Carolina and won a battleat Guilford Courthouse, but lost so manymen that he had to retreat.

GeneralMarquis de Lafayette

GeneralMarquis de Lafayette

General Marquis de Lafayettesent word toWashingtonof Cornwallis’entrenchment atYorktown, on theChesapeake Bay.

General Marquis de Lafayettesent word toWashingtonof Cornwallis’entrenchment atYorktown, on theChesapeake Bay.

They commanded 5,000 militia in the areaand kept Cornwallis under observation.They commanded 5,000 militia in the areaand kept Cornwallis under observation.

GeneralLafayetteGeneral

LafayetteGeneral “Mad” Anthony WayneGeneral “Mad” Anthony Wayne

Generals Rochambeauand Washingtonagreed to battleGeneral Clinton’ssuperior troops inNew York eventhough Frenchreinforcements didnot arrive in May,1781.

Generals Rochambeauand Washingtonagreed to battleGeneral Clinton’ssuperior troops inNew York eventhough Frenchreinforcements didnot arrive in May,1781.

General Comte de Rochambeau

General Comte de Rochambeau

General Washingtonwrote the Frenchminister asking thatAdmiral de Grassecome north fromthe West Indies tohelp in the New Yorkoperation.

General Washingtonwrote the Frenchminister asking thatAdmiral de Grassecome north fromthe West Indies tohelp in the New Yorkoperation.

Admiral de GrasseAdmiral de Grasse

Admiral de Grassedrove the British fleet from Chesapeake Bay In September, 1781. This action significantly contributed to Cornwallis’ defeat at Yorktown.

Admiral de Grassedrove the British fleet from Chesapeake Bay In September, 1781. This action significantly contributed to Cornwallis’ defeat at Yorktown.Admiral de GrasseAdmiral de Grasse

August 14, 1781August 14, 1781

General Washington’s 4,500 Americans, with 5,500 French troops, marched from New York to Yorktown to battle British troops.

General Washington’s 4,500 Americans, with 5,500 French troops, marched from New York to Yorktown to battle British troops.

American forces converging on Yorktown

American forces converging on Yorktown

Battle Plansfor YorktownBattle Plansfor Yorktown

On 9 October 1781, 20,000 American and French troops attacked the Britishat Yorktown.

On 9 October 1781, 20,000 American and French troops attacked the Britishat Yorktown.

General Cornwallis surrendered hisarmy of 7,600 men on 19 October 1781.

General Cornwallis surrendered hisarmy of 7,600 men on 19 October 1781.

England, tired ofwar, now facedthe powerfulcombined forcesof France, Spain,and Holland inEurope.

England, tired ofwar, now facedthe powerfulcombined forcesof France, Spain,and Holland inEurope.

Holland

England

France

Spain

The American Peace DelegationThe American Peace Delegation

• Benjamin Franklin

• John Jay

• John Adams

• Benjamin Franklin

• John Jay

• John Adams

DelegationDelegation

A group of peoplechosen to representa political entity suchas a country or state

A group of peoplechosen to representa political entity suchas a country or state

Treaty of Paris3 September 1783

Treaty of Paris3 September 1783

North America in 1783 as a result of the Treaty of Paris

North America in 1783 as a result of the Treaty of Paris

BRITISHPOSSESSIONS

BRITISHPOSSESSIONS

LO

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IAN

AL

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NA

Gulf of Mexico

AtlanticOcean

The small Continental Navy was generally ineffective against thepowerful Navy of England.

The small Continental Navy was generally ineffective against thepowerful Navy of England.

Sea power played an important role in America’s independence.

• The artillery and supplies used by the Continental Army came from prizes captured at sea.

• The French fleet, off the Virginia Capes in 1781, prevented the British from helping Cornwallis, leading directly to his surrender.

Sea power played an important role in America’s independence.

• The artillery and supplies used by the Continental Army came from prizes captured at sea.

• The French fleet, off the Virginia Capes in 1781, prevented the British from helping Cornwallis, leading directly to his surrender.

It was obvious to many Americans thatto keep its freedom America needed anavy of its own.

It was obvious to many Americans thatto keep its freedom America needed anavy of its own.