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MotivationMotivation is the process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal.
There Are Three Aspects Of Motivation And They Are As Follows.
•Effort is the measure of intensity or drive.
EFFORT•Direction relates to what a person is
trying to do.
DIRECTION
•Persistence concerns the duration of someone efforts.
PRESISTANCE
Importance Of Motivation• Lead to profitable operation• High level of productivity• Best remedy for resistance to change• Effective use of human resources• Satisfaction of employees• Minimize disputes and strikes• Basis of coordination• Stability of workforce• Minimizes supervision cost• Achievement of organization goals
The Motivation Theorise Are Commonly Classified Into Two Categories.
Content/Need Theories
The content theories are concerned about what motivates human behaviour of work.
Process Theorise
The process theories are concerned about how the content of motivation influences behaviour.
CONTENT THEORIES
•Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs• Herzberg’s Two Factor
Theory • Alderfer’s ERG Theory
PROCESS THEORIES
• Vroom’s expectancy Theory• Equity Theory
CONTENT THEORIES
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs•Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943•Maslow has proposed that motivation of people depends on their needs. He identified the hierarchy of five needs which he suggested exists within all human being.
“The Need Hierarchy Model”.
The needs have been classified into the following in order:
1. Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of an individual which includes food, clothing, shelter, air, water, etc. These needs relate to the survival and maintenance of human life.
2. Safety needs- These needs are also important for human beings. Everybody wants job security, protection against danger, safety of property, etc.
3. Social needs - These needs are related to belongingness of people at work, acceptance by others, working in harmonious groups. These needs include need for love affection and sense of belonging.
4. Esteem needs - These needs relate to desire for self-respect, recognition and respect from others.
5. Self-actualization needs - These are the needs of the highest order and these needs are found in those person whose previous four needs are satisfied. This will include need for social service, meditation.
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioral scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of “Satisfaction” is “No satisfaction” and the opposite of “Dissatisfaction” is “No Dissatisfaction”.
HYGINE FACTORS
Hygiene factors are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at workplace. These do not lead to positive satisfaction for long-term. But if these factors are absent , then they lead to dissatisfaction. In other words, hygiene factors are those factors which when reasonable in a job, pacify the employees and do not make them dissatisfied. These factors are extrinsic to work. Hygiene factors are also called as dissatisfiers or maintenance factors as they are required to avoid dissatisfaction.
MOTIVATIONAL FACTORAccording to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators. The motivational factors yield positive satisfaction. These factors are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. Employees find these factors intrinsically rewarding.
Hygiene factors include
• Pay• Job Security • Status• Physical Working conditions
Motivation factors include
• Recognition• Sense of achievement • Growth and promotional
opportunities
Alderfer’s ERG Theory The psychologist Clayton Alderfer developed a new model to explain the simultaneous nature of Maslow's five needs. Called the ERG Theory of motivation, he first published it in a 1969 article titled "An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Need."
•It includes all needs related to physiological and safety aspects of an individual.
EXISTENCE NEEDS
•It includes all those needs that involve relationship with the other people whom individual cares.
RELATEDNESS NEEDS
• It involves the individual making creative efforts to utilize full potential in the existing environment.
GROWTH NEEDS
PROCESS THEORIES
Equity TheoryEquity theory of motivation was formulated by J.S. Adams. It is based on the assumption that members of an organization experience strong expectation of justice, balance and fairness in treatment by the organization. When a person feel that. He is being treated unfairly by the organization, these feelings can have a variety of adverse effects on the persons motivation and performance on the job.
The equity theory of motivation helps in understanding both the causes and the likely consequences of felling of inequitable treatment among organization members.
According to equity theory , two variables are important , i.e., INPUT and OUTCOMES. Input are the efforts and skills which a member of an organization perceives that he put into his job. Outcome are the rewards which the member receives from the organization and job.
Various Types Of Inputs And Outcomes
INPUTS OUTCOMESTimes Promotion Effort PlayEducation RecognitionExperience SecurityTraining Personal developmentIdeas BenefitsAbility Friendship opportunity
Vroom’s Expectancy TheoryVroom has criticized the content theories of motivation which are based on the needs of people and their priority. According to him, people will be motivated to do things to achieve some goals to be extent that they expect that certain actions on their part will help to achieve the goals. Vroom’s theory is built around the concepts of valence, instrumentality and expectancy and therefore, this model is referred to as VIE theory.
VALENCE
• Valence means the strength of an individual’s preference on a particular outcome.
INSTRUMENTALITY
• Instrumentality is the first level outcome in obtaining a derived second level outcome.
EXPECTANCY
• Expectancy is the probability that a particular action will lead to a particular outcome.
THANK YOU