Stated preferences of farmers for improved cookstoves in Malawi and Mozambique Stefan MeyerInternational Food Policy Research Institute

June 4, 2015, Lilongwe, Malawi

The Food-Energy-Water Nexus

Improved cookstoves - a nexus intervention

Water Energy Food

If less wood is used, deforestation decreases which increases water retention of soils.

If the cookstove is used less, then there is less energy needed to cook.

May occur through changes in cooking habits and in time labor allocation.

Benefits of improved cookstoves

• Reduce firewood consumption - CM is more than 40% fuel-efficient

• Reduce time to collect firewood – women spend 6h per week on firewood collection in Malawi

• Reduce money spent on fuel - costs correspond to 1/3 of the yearly national minimum wage in Mozambique (Takama et al., 2011)

• Reduce CO2 emission - cleaner combustion• Reduce IAP - 38% of women reported coughing

Cookstove programs

• Cookstove programs exist since more than 30 years• Many programs were not successfull • Gifford (2011) summarized problems many programs

faced:– Technical problems– Instituational barriers– Financial barriers– Lacking assessments

Cookstove adoption

• Lewis and Pattanayak (2012) analyze the impact of variables on adoption in a meta-analysis: – Positive: Income and education– Mixed: Fuel availability, price, HH characteristics, gender– Neglected: Access to credit, availability of cookstoves/facility to

maintain and social marketing• Not everybody adopts improved cookstoves• Analyze the ownership of cookstoves and conduct a choice

experiment on cookstoves– Access to credit– Access to information – Social capital

Cookstove price

• Price important for adoption:– Higher prices: involve producers – Lower prices: poor households – Ashraf et al. (2006) show:

• act of paying increases use• higher prices screen out non-users• no evidence for higher prices cause greater product use

Policies in Malawi & Mozambique

• Malawi:– Implementation of a National Cookstove Steering

Committee – Goal: rolling out of 2 mio cookstoves until 2020– Develop a roadmap to facilitate the uptake of

improved cookstoves• Carbon Credits in both countries• Natural experiment – difference between

Malawi and Mozambique

Background information on the survey

Dedza, Malawi Angonia, Mozambique

Time Mai to June 2014 July to Aug 2014

Villages 30 30

Sample size 300 508

WTP for Chitetezo Mbaula (Mal)

Mean: 890 MKwMedian: 800 MKw

WTP for Chitetezo Mbaula (Moz)

0-10MZN

11- 30M

ZN

31-50MZN

51-70MZN

71-90MZN

91-110MZN

111-130MZN

131-150MZN

151-170MZN

171-190MZN

more th

an 1910

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Mean: 100,91 MZN (1300 MKw) Median: 80 MZN (1100 MKw)

WTP for metal rocket stove (Mal)

0kw

1-200kw

201-400kw

401-600kw

601-800kw

801-1000kw

1001-1200kw

1201-1400kw

1401-1600kw

1601-1800kw

1801-2000kw

more th

an 2000kwach

a0

10203040506070

Kwacha

Freq

uenc

y

Mean: 1600 MKwMedian: 1200 Mkw

WTP for metal rocket stove (Moz)

0-20MZN

21-50MZN

51-80MZN

81-110MZN

111-140MZN

141-170MZN

171-200MZN

201-230MZN

231-260MZN

261-290MZN

291-320MZN

more than

3210

102030405060708090

Mean: 188.08 MZN (2500 MKw) Median: 150 MZN (2000 MKw)

Ownership of a cookstoveExplanatory Variables Parameters Explanatory Variables Parameters

Spouse - Primary 0.302 Remittances 1.145***Spouse - Secondary 2.056** Farm size 0.024**

N adult females 0.277* Savings Group -1.266*

N adult males 0.260* Religious Group -0.465*

N children 0.211*** Women Group 0.996*

Collecting time 0.150** Other group 1.042**

Cough 1.163*** Risk (neutral) 0.21

Distance to producer -0.025** Risk (seeker) -0.950***

Not significant: Female headed HH, HHH – Primary, HHH – Secondary, HHH – Age, Spouse – Age, Cell phone, Roof - Iron sheet, Off-farm income, Area Development Group, Sports Group, Farmer Group, Credit access (small loan), Credit access (big loan), Distance to all weather road, Distance to market, Mozambique dummy

Choice Set Alternatives

Chitetezo Mbaula Three stone fire

Choice Set Price (Kwacha) Efficiency (Proportion of traditional firewood use saved)

1 1,200 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

2 2,400 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

3 4,000 Use 8 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

4 1,200 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

5 2,400 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

6 4,000 Use 7 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

7 1,200 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

8 2,400 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

9 4,000 Use 6 sticks instead of 10 Traditional

CE (Chitetezo Mbaula vs. Three Stone Fire)

Explanatory Variables Parameters Explanatory Variables ParametersFemale headed HH 0.238* Collecting time 0.052***

HHH – Age 0.029*** Off-farm income -0.188***Spouse - Primary 0.026 Credit (small loan) 0.153**

Spouse - Secondary -0.707*** Mozambique dummy 0.312***Spouse – Age -0.036*** Distance to road 0.001**

N adult females 0.042 Distance to producer 0.005*N adult males -0.082** Cough -0.145*

N children -0.028* 8 Sticks -0.141*Cell phone 0.416*** 7 Sticks -0.051

Women Group 0.551*** 2400 MKw -0.289*AD Group 0.256** 4000 MKw -0.610***

Sports Group 0.870*** Risk (neutral) 0.161**Savings Group 0.307*** Risk (seeker) -0.142**

Not significant: HHH – primary education, HHH – Secondary education, Roof – Iron Sheet, Religious Group, Farmers Group, Other Group, Farm Size, Remittances, Access to Credit (big loan), Distance to Market, Interaction terms

Conclusions

• Results suggest an increase of the selling price of the Chitetezo Mbaula in rural Malawi

• For metal rocket stove, there is no unsubsidized marketing opportunity• Ownership of cookstoves is strongly influenced by the availability –

support the marketing at rural trading centers• Social networks and the access to information are important for

adoption of cookstoves• Cookstove programs should be develop for areas where firewood is

scarce• Combination of cookstove and credit programs could be beneficiary

for adoption• Farmers in Mozambique prefer cookstoves more than Malawian

farmers

Thank you for your attention

Page 18

Cookstove ownership

Page 19

Reasons for small number of improved cookstoves ownership

Cannot afford an improved cookstove

Not interested/ satisfied with traditional stove

Did not know about improved cookstoves

Not available in the village

37% 2% 38% 22%

Comparison of fuelwood consumption and cooking time for cooking stoves

Three stone Chitetezo Rocket0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

42%

56%

43%56%

Fuelwood consumption (kg) Fuel efficiencyCooking time (minutes)

Fuel

effi

cienc

y, F

uel w

ood

cons

umpti

on

Cook

ing

time

(min

utes

)Notes: Fuelwood efficiency = Dry wood equivalent consumed (kg) per kg of food cookedPercent on top of histogram indicates percent change due to switching from the traditional three stone to improved cooking stoveSource: Calculated from Malikani et al. (2013) for Malawi