Instructor: Troy Aichele “Before they bought it, they did an audit”

How to Perform a Commercial

Water Audit

Objectives Identify skills necessary to perform a Commercial Water

Audit

Using tools given in class, learn how to perform your

own Commercial Water Audit by identifying water saving

opportunities

Learn how to estimate Payback Periods for

recommended Water Saving concepts

Learn how to write a Commercial Water Audit Report

2

Plan for the Day Water Audit: Who, What, When, Where and Why

Case Studies

How to Perform a Water Audit

How to Calculate Water Audit Payback Periods

How to Write a Water Audit Report

Tips, Strategies, and Lessons Learned

Final Questions / Evaluations

3

Water Audits

Who, What, When,

Where and Why?

5 Minutes

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The Cost of Water and

Sewer / 100 Gallons Olympia, WA: $1.00

San Diego, CA: $1.38

Boston, MA: $1.05

El Paso, TX: $0.60

Omaha, NE: $0.53

Geneva, Switzerland: $1.95

Glasgow, UK: $2.86

Las Vegas, NV: $0.80 Source: “The World’s Water 2008-2009” by Peter H. Gleick

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Utility Rate Trends

$-

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

$9.00

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

PeakWater$/CCFSewer$/CCF

10% 10 %

Utility Rate Trends…

Waste

Water

13

Utility Rate Trends

$-

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

$9.00

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

PeakWater$/CCFSewer$/CCF

10% 10 %

Utility Rate Trends…

Waste

Water

14

Chicago (Water and Sewer Rates)

15% in 2008

15% in 2009

14% in 2010

•USA average for 2007 was 6.1% (Source: NUS Consulting)

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Utility Rate Trend Impacts

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U.S. average Water

Footprint per person

per day: 70-100 GPD

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Increase in Waste Water Treatment

Capacities (Brightwater)

Cost: $1.84 Billion 20

Drought / Overuse

The U.S. EPA reports at least 36 states are anticipating local, regional or statewide water shortages by 2013—even under

non-drought conditions

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Sewer mining is the process of tapping into a sewer (either before

or after the sewage treatment plant) and extracting sewage, which

is then treated and used as recycled water. Some sewer mining

by-products may be acceptable for return to the sewerage system.

Recycled water is treated so it’s safe to use. Recycled water

produced from a sewer mining operation is commonly used to

irrigate sports fields, parks and golf courses. It can also be used in

some commercial buildings and industrial sites.

Sewer mining reduces the stress on waterways by capturing some

of the nutrients that would otherwise be discharged from sewage

treatment plants. The demand for drinking water can be

significantly reduced, by replacing it with recycled water made

available through sewer mining processes.

New Water Sources:

Sewer Mining

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21st Century Water Auditor

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Water Audit Case

Studies

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35

340 Bed Acute

Outpatient Care

Facility

750,000 SF Total Floor

Space

2300 Employees

723 Fixture upgrades

were performed in the

first 3 months of 2009

35

2008/09 Water Consumption

Comparison (Per 1000 Gallons)

Month 2009 2008 Change

January 2,278.51 2,712.52 -16.00%

February 2,244.36 2,470.48 -9.15%

March 2,431.76 2,691.75 -9.66%

April 2,248.70 2,672.24 -15.85%

May 2,688.21 3,094.76 -13.14%

June 2,874.65 3,272.56 -12.16%

Totals: 14,766.19 16,914.31 -12.70% 36

2008/09 Water Consumption

Comparison (Per 1000 Gallons)

Month 2009 2008 Change

July 3,227 3,610 -10.6%

August 3,181 3,480 -8.59%

September 2,814 3,058 -7.97%

October 2,517 2,599 -3.16%

November 2,256 2,400 -6.02%

December 2,276 2,421 -5.96 %

Totals: 16,321 17,568 -7.1% 37

Retrofit Installation

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Retrofit Installation

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Retrofit Installation

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How to Perform a

Commercial Water Audit

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Typical Water Usage Breakdown

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Collect General Information

Obtain Utility Rates (1 Year Minimum)

– Water and Waste (CCF)

– Electric (kWh)

– Natural Gas

(therm)

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Compare Benchmarks Water Use / Square Foot / Year Comparisons

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000

Gallo

ns

Hospital Size (Square Feet)

50

Schedule Audit with Facility Manager

Review collected utility bills

Research rebates for city, county, state

Assemble Audit Tools

On-Site Audit Preparation

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On-Site Audit Preparation Find Rebates

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On-Site Audit Preparation Audit Tools

Fixture Replacement Tick Sheet

Stop Watch

Water Drip Calculator

Question List

Rebate Flyers

Tools (Screwdriver, Wrenches, Etc.)

Flashlight and Mirror

Camera (Still and Video)

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1. How many water meters serve your facility?

2. Do you have one that is dedicated to irrigation?

3. Has your facility ever been audited for water

efficiency in the past?

4. What is the building occupancy trend over the

duration of the billing data obtained?

5. Have you found any leaks over the course of the

building period?

6. Do you perform your own Laundry services?

7. Do you have an industrial Dishwasher?

Example Question List

(1 of 2)

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Example Question List

(2 of 2) 8. How do you cool your building? Air-Cooled,

Split-Units, Water Cooled or none?

9. Do you have a pool?

10. Do you have any damp and squishy wet areas

on your property?

11. Have you made any changes to your irrigation

system?

12. Is the irrigation system on a clock or timer?

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On-Site Audit Walk Campus

– Obtain facility drawings

– Reserve enough time (Depends on size of building)

– Great time to build your relationship with the customer!!!

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On-Site Audit Make sure you see everything!

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Measuring with Bucket and

Stopwatch

Measure twice

and average

Measure 10% of

similar devices

throughout facility

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Equipment Audit Information

List all equipment using water, model

numbers and flow rates

Hours / Day and Days / Week of use

(verify with facilities operator)

Obtain model number of water using

equipment where flow rates cannot be

calculated or measured and obtain from

manufacturer (take nameplate picture)

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Plumbing Fixtures and

Kitchen Equipment

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Tank-Type Water Closets

• Energy Policy Act of

1992 (EPAct)

• 3.5 GPF = Complete

Replacement

• 1.6 GPF = Leave as is

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MaP Testing (Maximum

Performance Testing)

Began in 2003

Measures Toilet’s

ability to remove

solids in a single

flush

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Flushometer Water Closets

• Energy Policy Act of

1992 (EPAct)

• 3.5 GPF = Complete

Replacement

• 1.6 GPF = Dual

Flush Kit

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Dual-Flush Flushometer

Retrofit Kits

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Sensor Activated Water Closets

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Urinals

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Faucets

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Faucets

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1.5 GPM 0.5 GPM

Sensor Activated Faucets

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Showerheads

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Industrial Dishwasher

Record Manufacturer,

Model Number, Serial

Number and

Electrical Information

(especially booster

heater) and use rates

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Kitchen Spray Nozzles

High Efficiency with Shut-off

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Ice-Makers, Air-Conditioning and

Refrigeration Equipment

Replace ALL

single pass water

cooled equipment

with air cooled or

central chilled

water sources!

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Laundry Machines

84

Maintenance Problems

None!

85

User Negative Feedback

None!

86

HVAC and

Process

Equipment

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Swimming Pools

1. Pool Filters

2. Pool Covers

(outdoor pools) – Reduce Water

Evaporation

– Reduce Chemical

Consumption

– Reduces Energy

Use

3. Chemical Covers

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Vacuum Sterilizers

89

Medical Air Compressors

90

Medical Vacuum Pumps

91

Waste Anesthesia Gas (WAG) Pumps

92

Increase Cooling Tower and

Boiler Cycles of Concentration

93

Hybrid Cooling Towers

94

Boiler Stack Economizer

Water Recovery

Cost: $1,090

Water / Sewer Savings: 720 GPD

Return on Investment: 5 Months 95

Landscaping / Xeriscaping Limit lawns to high exposure areas

Plant native landscaping material

96

Irrigation Use drip irrigation and rain sensing controls

Winterize properly

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Site

Specific

Alternatives

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Greywater Systems

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Rainwater Car Wash

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Vacuum Operated

Waste System

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Dialysis Reject Water

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How to Calculate Water

Audit Payback Periods

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What you need for Payback

Period Calculation 1. Water, Waste, Natural Gas and Electrical Utility

Costs

2. Fixture / Equipment Use Rates

3. Facility Work Days

4. Know Facility Hot Water Creation Method

5. Installation Cost

6. Estimated Annual Utility Rate Increase

7. Rebate Potential

106

Use Rates

Water Closet:

– 3 / Day (Women)

– 1 / Day (Men)*

Urinal:

– 2 / Day (Men)

Faucets:

– 1 Minute / Person / Day

Shower Use:

– 8 Minutes / Day / Person

*3 / Day if no urinals

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Use Rates

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Hot Water Fuel

Natural Gas

Electric

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Installation Costs

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Activity #1

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Activity #1 (Part I)

Part I - Compute the CCF/Year water savings for the following:

A. Replace 3.5 GPF Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #1, Use #1) with

1.28 GPF Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #2, Use #1)

B. Replace 3.5 GPF Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #1, Use #1) with

1.1/1.6 GPF Dual Flush Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #2, Use #1:

1.1 GPF; Line Item #2, Use #2: 1.6 GPF)

Givens:

• 6 Average Uses per Day

• Work Days: 260 (Data Entry: Line Item #4, Letter H)

• 2 to 1 Ratio for Small Flush to Large Flush

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Activity #1 (Part II) Part II - Compute the Water and Waste Water Bill Savings (1st Year) for the following:

C. Retrofit 1.6 GPF Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #1, Use #1) Flushometer

with 1.1/1.6 GPF Dual Flushometer (Data Entry: Line Item #2, Use #1: 1.1 GPF;

Line Item #2, Use #2: 1.6 GPF)

D. Replace 1.1/1.6 GPF Dual Flush Water Closet (Data Entry: Line Item #1, Use #1:

1.1 GPF; Line Item #2, Use #2: 1.6 GPF) with 0.8/1.28 GPF Water Closet (Data

Entry: Line Item #2, Use #1: 0.8 GPF; Line Item #2, Use #2: 1.28 GPF)

Givens:

• Data Entry A and B A. Water Cost: $4.00/CCF

B. Sewer Cost: $8.89/CCF

• 6 Average Uses per Day

• Work Days: 260 (Data Entry: Line Item #4, Letter H)

• 2 to 1 Ratio of Small Flush to Large Flush

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Activity #2

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Activity #2 Compute the Payback Period (without rebates) for replacing a 2.5 GPM Shower Head

(Data Entry: Line Item #1, Use #1, 2.5 Gallons per Use) with a 1.5 GPM Shower Head

(Data Entry: Line Item #2, Use #1, 1.5 Gallons per Use) for the following:

A. Payback Duration without including Domestic Hot Water creation savings

B. Payback Duration with Domestic Hot Water created by Natural Gas Water Heater

C. Payback Duration with Domestic Hot Water created by Electric Hot Water Heater

D. Payback Duration with Domestic Hot Water created by a Steam to Hot Water

Converter with the Steam created by a Natural Gas Steam Boiler

E. Payback Duration with Domestic Hot Water created by a Steam to Hot Water

Converter with the Steam created by an Electric Steam Boiler

Givens:

• Data Entry A and B A. Water Cost: $4.00/CCF

B. Sewer Cost: $8.89/CCF

C. Natural Gas Cost: $0.343/Therm

D. Electrical Cost: $0.048/kWh

• Average Uses per Day: 7 minutes /day

• Work Days: 260 Days (Data Entry: Line Item #4, Letter H)

• Installation Cost: $100 (Data Entry: Line Item #12, Letter S)

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Activity #3

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Activity #3 Compute the Payback Period (without rebates) for a new industrial dishwasher:

Givens:

• Data Entry A and B A. Water Cost: $4.00/CCF

B. Sewer Cost: $8.89/CCF

C. Natural Gas Cost: $0.343/Therm

D. Electrical Cost: $0.048/kWh

• Work Days: 365 (Data Entry: Line Item #4, Letter H)

• Data Entry Line Item #1 and #2 1. Current Equipment Use/Day: 1 Use @ 2,000 Gallons

2. New Equipment Use/Day: 1 Use @ 1,000 Gallons

• Data Entry Line Item #9 b and c b) Current Therms (NG), kWh (Electric) Consumed per Day: 17 Therms (NG), 227 kWh

(Electric)

c) Estimated Therms (NG), kWh (Electric) Consumed per Day: 10 Therms (NG), 100

kWh (Electric)

• Installation Cost: $50,000 (Data Entry: Line Item #12, Letter S)

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Activity #4

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Activity #4

Using Activity #3 data, compute the Payback Period for each of the following:

A. Current dishwasher requires $1,500/Year in maintenance and the new

dishwasher will require $500/Year in maintenance. (Data Entry: Line Item #10,

Letter R).

B. All of the above with annual utility increases: Water (5%), Sewer (8%),

Electrical (2%), and Natural Gas (2%). (Data Entry: Line Item #11, Letters a),

b), c), and d) respectively).

C. All of the above with water utility rebate (10%). (Data Entry: Line Item #13).

D. All of the above with electrical utility rebate (70%). (Data Entry: Line Item #16).

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Bonus Activity

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Rainwater Harvesting Assumptions:

– $1 / Gallon Installed

– System Size: 10,000 Gallons

– 50” Rain / Year

– 2,500 SF Roof

– 0.62 Gallons/SF of Roof/Inches of Rain per Year

– 85% Collection Efficiency

– Water Cost: $0.0025 / Gallon

– Sewer Cost: $0.0075 / Gallon

What is the Payback Period?

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How to Write a Water

Audit Report

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Segregate Payback

Periods

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Tips, Strategies and

Lessons Learned

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Post-Installation

Flushometer Adjustments

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Water

143

Actual Fixture Counts not

matching Audit Count

144

Lowering GPF without

changing bowl

145

Fixture Footprints

are not all the same

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System Shut-downs vs. Freezing

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Beta-Testing

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Problematic Existing Conditions

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Aerators vs. Flow Control

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Straying from Water Audit

Recommendations

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ROI Thresholds: Owner Furnished

Fixtures / Equipment

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Buyer Beware: Small Water

Spots = More Maintenance

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Dual-Flush Tank-Type

Retrofit Kits

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Additional Stickers

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Putting Water Efficiency

Ahead of User or Building needs

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Follow-up Audits /

Stop looking for new products

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Follow-up Audits /

Stop looking for new products

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Follow-up Audits /

Stop looking for new products

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Objectives Identify skills necessary to perform a Commercial Water

Audit

Using tools given in class, learn how to perform your

own Commercial Water Audit by identifying water saving

opportunities

Learn how to estimate Payback Periods for

recommended Water Saving concepts

Learn how to write a Commercial Water Audit Report

160

Additional References

“Water Use and Conservation” by Amy Vickers

“Dry Run – Preventing the Next Urban Water Crisis” by

Jerry Yudelson

“Every Drop for Sale” by Jeffrey Rothfeder

“The World’s Water….” Bi-Annual Series 1998 – Present

by Peter H. Gleick

“Globalization of Water” by Arjen Y. Hoekstra and Ashok

K. Chapagain

www.waterefficiency.net

www.watersmartinnovations.com

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Final

Questions

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