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Integrating Public Transport and Land Use Planning Todd Litman Victoria Transport Policy Institute Presented IETT Professional Development Workshop Istanbul 15 June 2015

Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Page 1: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Integrating Public Transport and Land

Use Planning

Todd LitmanVictoria Transport Policy Institute

Presented IETT Professional Development Workshop

Istanbul15 June 2015

Page 2: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Creating Cities For People or Creating Cities For People or Cars?Cars?

Automobiles make wonderful servants but terrible masters.

Design your community for people, and then accommodate motor vehicles. Don’t design communities for automobile traffic and then try to accommodate people.

Page 3: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Protecting IstanbulProtecting Istanbul’’s Centers Center

In 2009 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has stressed the need for sustainable transport infrastructure to safeguard the authenticity of the Historic Peninsula and maintain the area's nearly 25-year status as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

UNESCO formally recommended that the Turkish government develop an integrated “Transport Plan,” with an emphasis on improving mass transit, as part of the overall “World Heritage Management Plan” for Istanbul.

Page 4: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People

The report, Istanbul: An Accessible City – A City for People, evaluated walking, cycling and public transit conditions in the city’s Historic Peninsula, and recommended policies for making it more efficient, equitable and attractive.

It is a beautiful document!

Page 5: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People

Page 6: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Property Development

Page 7: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Innovative PlanningInnovative Planning

• Smart growth/New Urbanism

• Context oriented planning

• Complete streets

• Streetscaping

• Road diets

• Traffic calming

• Transportation Demand Management (TDM)

• Transit-Oriented development

• Parking management

Page 8: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Comparing Urban DensitiesComparing Urban Densities

Istanbul has overall 2,523 people per square kilometer or 25.2 residents per hectare, which is moderate density compared with world cities.

Of course, some neighborhoods are much denser.

Page 9: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015
Page 10: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Transit-Oriented Development?Transit-Oriented Development?

• Compact, mixed-use development within ten-minute walk of high quality transit (train stations or bus stops with frequent service).

• This creates “urban villages” where commonly-used services (shops, restaurants, schools, parks, etc.) and a significant number of jobs are easily accessible without a car).

Page 11: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options

Create diverse housing options (various unit sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve diverse needs (families with children, people with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).

Provide an appropriate amount of affordable housing.

Provide appropriate services, including schools.

Reduced parking requirements and unbundle parking in TODs.

Reduces property taxes and utility fees for compact development in recognition of the lower costs of providing public services compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.

Page 12: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

TOD Benefits CategoriesTOD Benefits Categories

Improved Transit Service

Increased Use of Alt. Modes

Reduced Automobile Travel

More Compact Development

• Improved user convenience and comfort

• Improved travel options, particularly for non-drivers

• Improved local property values

• User cost savings

• User enjoyment

• Economic development benefits from increased access to education and employment

• Increased public fitness and health

• Reduced traffic and parking congestion

• Road and parking cost savings

• Consumer cost savings

• Reduced crash risk to others

• Air and noise pollution reductions

• Energy conservation

• Economic development benefits

• More livable communities

• Reduced land consumption, heritage and openspace preservation, and public service cost savings

• Improved accessibility, particularly for non-drivers

• Reduced vehicle ownership

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Page 13: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Transit Station Level-Of-ServiceTransit Station Level-Of-Service

• Clean

• Comfort (seating, temperature, quiet)

• Convenience (real-time user information, easy fare payment)

• Accessible (walkability, bike parking, nearby housing, employment, nearby shops)

• Services (refreshments, periodicals, etc.)

• Security

Page 14: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Take Control of Urban SpaceTake Control of Urban Space

Public streets are the City’s most valuable asset. They are currently devoted primarily to automobile traffic and parking on a first-come basis. To become more multi-modal the City must re-prioritize use of its public space. It is more efficient and fair to charge for on-street parking, just as the city charges for use of other costly utilities. This manages demand and generates revenue.

Page 15: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Walking and Cycling Walking and Cycling ImprovementsImprovements

• More investment in sidewalks, crosswalks, paths and bike lanes.

• Improved roadway shoulders.

• More traffic calming.

• Bicycle parking and changing facilities.

• Encouragement, education and enforcement programs.

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Page 16: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Complete StreetsComplete Streets

A Complete Street is designed for all activities, abilities, and travel modes. Complete Streets provide safe and comfortable access for pedestrians, cyclists, transit users and motorists, and a livable environment for visitors, customers, employees and residents in the area.

Page 17: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Complete Streets Design FeaturesComplete Streets Design Features

• Sidewalks

• Cross walks

• Bike lanes

• Traffic speed reductions (traffic calming)

• Bus lanes

• Bus stops

• Traffic lanes

• Center turn lanes

• On-street parking

• Landscaping and street furniture

Page 18: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Complete Streets Typology Complete Streets Typology

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Page 19: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Designing Complete Streets Designing Complete Streets

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Page 20: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming

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Page 21: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming

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Page 22: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Linking the Centers across Linking the Centers across US29US29by Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities by Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities InstituteInstitute

Page 23: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Ped/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garagePed/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garage

Page 24: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Mixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lotMixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lot

Page 25: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Landscaping maturesLandscaping matures

Page 26: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Additional redevelopmentAdditional redevelopment

Page 27: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

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Landscaping matures over timeLandscaping matures over time

Page 28: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Redesigning City Centers Redesigning City Centers

The Cheonggyecheon Riverin Seoul (South Korea) before (top) and after (bottom) the project. Claiming back urban space from road vehicles can dramatically improve the liveability of cities.

Photos by Seoul Development Institute

Page 29: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options

Create diverse housing options (various unit sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve diverse needs (families with children, people with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).

Provide an appropriate amount of affordable housing.

Provide appropriate services, including schools.

Reduced parking requirements and unbundle parking in TODs.

Reduces property taxes and utility fees for compact development in recognition of the lower costs of providing public services compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.

Page 30: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Smart Growth (Density, Design, Smart Growth (Density, Design, Diversity)Diversity)

• Compact and mixed development.

• Transport network connectivity.

• Transportation diversity (good walking, cycling, public transport, taxis, vehicle rentals, etc.).

• Good walkability.

• Attractive streets and urban villages.

• Efficient parking management.

• Traffic calming and speed control.

Page 31: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Smart Growth BenefitsSmart Growth Benefits

Economic Social Environmental

Development cost savings

Public service cost savings

Transportation cost savings

Agglomeration efficiencies

Supports environmentally sensitive industries (tourism, farming, etc.).

Improved transport options, particularly for non-drivers.

Improved housing options.

Community cohesion.

Cultural resource (historic sites, older neighborhoods, etc.) preservation

Increased physical fitness and health

Greenspace & habitat preservation

Pollution emission reductions

Energy conservation

Reduced “heat island” effect

More compact, accessible land use development provides numerous economic, social and environmental savings and benefits.

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Page 32: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Parking ManagementParking Management

• Regulate and price on-street parking to favor higher value uses.

• As much as possible, charge users directly for parking, rather than indirectly through taxes and rents.

• More flexible parking requirements.

• Share parking spaces rather than having assigned spaces.

• Parking Cash Out (Employees who current receive free parking are able to choose a cash benefit or transit subsidy instead.)

• Better enforcement.

Page 33: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Parking Management Parking Management ProblemProblem

Many areas don’t really have a parking supply problem, they have a parking management problem - parking spaces that are unavailable to the motorists who need them.

Page 34: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Changing Parking ParadigmChanging Parking Paradigm

Old Paradigm New Paradigm

Parking problem means inadequate parking supply.

There are many types of parking problems, including inadequate or excessive supply, inadequate user information, and inefficient management

Parking should generally be free, funded indirectly, through rents and taxes.

Users should pay directly for parking facilities when possible

Parking should be available on a first-come basis

Parking should be regulated to favor higher priority uses and encourage efficiency

Parking management is a last resort, to be applied only if increasing supply is infeasible

Parking management programs should be widely applied to prevent parking problems

Transportation means driving Driving is just one type of transport

Page 35: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Parking ManagementParking Management

Parking Management consists of various strategies that result in more efficient use of existing parking resources.

Page 36: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Why Parking Management?Why Parking Management?

• Improves motorist convenience.

• Creates more attractive streetscapes.

• Housing affordability.

• Downtown redevelopment.

• More walkable communities.

• Economic development.

• Reduced pavement.

• Encourages walking, cycling and public transit use.

In the past, parking planning mainly involved regulations and subsidies to increase supply.

Now more efficient management is increasingly used to address parking problems, particularly in growing communities and downtowns areas.

Page 37: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Parking Facility CostsParking Facility Costs

Page 38: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Parking Pricing and Cash OutParking Pricing and Cash Out

Parking is never really free, consumers either pay directly or indirectly. Paying directly tends to be more fair and efficient, and typically reduces parking demand about 20%.

Efficient parking pricing can have similar traffic reduction benefits as road pricing with far lower implementation costs.

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Page 39: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Improve User InformationImprove User Information

Whenever you indicate that parking is prohibited, also indicate where parking is available.

Page 40: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Institutional ReformsInstitutional Reforms

• Improve transport data collection.

• Comprehensive, multi-modal transport planning.

• Lease-cost planning and funding.

• Sustainable transport hierarchy.

• Set performance targets

• Interagency coordination.

• Improve user information.

• Improve enforcement.

• Identify best practices and appropriate innovations from other countries, including Northern Europe, Brazil, Korea and India.

Page 41: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

New Planning ResourcesNew Planning Resources

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Page 42: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

TOD Planning ResourcesTOD Planning ResourcesParking and Transit Oriented Developments, EMBARQ Webinar (http://tinyurl.com/lamqqej).

Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org/html/TOD).

Footfalls: Obstacle Course To Livable Cities, Centre For Science And Environment (www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/footfalls-obstacle-course-livable-cities)

Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org).

Measuring Public Transport Performance- Lessons For Developing Cities, Sustainable Urban Transport Project (www.sutp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2826).

Mixed-Income Transit-Oriented Development Action Guide (www.mitod.org).

Changing Course in Urban Transport- An Illustrated Guide, Sustainable Urban Transport Project (www.sutp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2825).

Sustainable Transportation: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries (www.sutp.org),

Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (www.itdp.org)

Better Street, Better Cities: A Guide To Street Design In Urban India, ITDP (www.itdp.org/betterstreets).

Walkability and Pedestrian Facilities in Asian Cities: State and Issues, Asian Development Bank (http://tinyurl.com/kbe52ex ).

Transforming Cities with Transit: Transport and Land Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development , World Bank (http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821397459.

Better Urban Mobility in Developing Countries: Problems, Solutions and Good Practices , International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.org/publications/brochures/Dev-Countries-uk.pdf).

Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Ministry of Urban Development (www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/final_Report.pdf).

Online TDM Encyclopedia (www.vtpi.org/tdm).

Page 43: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

• What is Istanbul’s strategic planning vision?• Does Istanbul have smart growth policies that

support infill rather than sprawled development?• Does Istanbul have policies that support transit-

oriented development? • How well does IETT work with local

governments to create more transit-oriented neighborhoods?

• What can be done to improve the integration of transport and land use planning in Istanbul?

Page 44: Land Use & Transport Planning_Istanbul IETT Workshop 4_15 June 2015

“Can Smart Growth Policies Conserve Energy and Reduce Emissions?”

“Toward More Comprehensive and Multi-modal Transport Evaluation”

“Evaluating Non-Motorized Transportation Benefits and Costs”

“Evaluating Public Transport Benefits and Costs”

“Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts”

“Understanding Smart Growth Savings”

“Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth”

“Online TDM Encyclopedia”

and more...

www.vtpi.org44