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Integrating Public Transport and Land
Use Planning
Todd LitmanVictoria Transport Policy Institute
Presented IETT Professional Development Workshop
Istanbul15 June 2015
Creating Cities For People or Creating Cities For People or Cars?Cars?
Automobiles make wonderful servants but terrible masters.
Design your community for people, and then accommodate motor vehicles. Don’t design communities for automobile traffic and then try to accommodate people.
Protecting IstanbulProtecting Istanbul’’s Centers Center
In 2009 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has stressed the need for sustainable transport infrastructure to safeguard the authenticity of the Historic Peninsula and maintain the area's nearly 25-year status as a UNESCO World Heritage site.
UNESCO formally recommended that the Turkish government develop an integrated “Transport Plan,” with an emphasis on improving mass transit, as part of the overall “World Heritage Management Plan” for Istanbul.
Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People
The report, Istanbul: An Accessible City – A City for People, evaluated walking, cycling and public transit conditions in the city’s Historic Peninsula, and recommended policies for making it more efficient, equitable and attractive.
It is a beautiful document!
Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People
Property Development
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Innovative PlanningInnovative Planning
• Smart growth/New Urbanism
• Context oriented planning
• Complete streets
• Streetscaping
• Road diets
• Traffic calming
• Transportation Demand Management (TDM)
• Transit-Oriented development
• Parking management
Comparing Urban DensitiesComparing Urban Densities
Istanbul has overall 2,523 people per square kilometer or 25.2 residents per hectare, which is moderate density compared with world cities.
Of course, some neighborhoods are much denser.
Transit-Oriented Development?Transit-Oriented Development?
• Compact, mixed-use development within ten-minute walk of high quality transit (train stations or bus stops with frequent service).
• This creates “urban villages” where commonly-used services (shops, restaurants, schools, parks, etc.) and a significant number of jobs are easily accessible without a car).
Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options
Create diverse housing options (various unit sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve diverse needs (families with children, people with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).
Provide an appropriate amount of affordable housing.
Provide appropriate services, including schools.
Reduced parking requirements and unbundle parking in TODs.
Reduces property taxes and utility fees for compact development in recognition of the lower costs of providing public services compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.
TOD Benefits CategoriesTOD Benefits Categories
Improved Transit Service
Increased Use of Alt. Modes
Reduced Automobile Travel
More Compact Development
• Improved user convenience and comfort
• Improved travel options, particularly for non-drivers
• Improved local property values
• User cost savings
• User enjoyment
• Economic development benefits from increased access to education and employment
• Increased public fitness and health
• Reduced traffic and parking congestion
• Road and parking cost savings
• Consumer cost savings
• Reduced crash risk to others
• Air and noise pollution reductions
• Energy conservation
• Economic development benefits
• More livable communities
• Reduced land consumption, heritage and openspace preservation, and public service cost savings
• Improved accessibility, particularly for non-drivers
• Reduced vehicle ownership
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Transit Station Level-Of-ServiceTransit Station Level-Of-Service
• Clean
• Comfort (seating, temperature, quiet)
• Convenience (real-time user information, easy fare payment)
• Accessible (walkability, bike parking, nearby housing, employment, nearby shops)
• Services (refreshments, periodicals, etc.)
• Security
Take Control of Urban SpaceTake Control of Urban Space
Public streets are the City’s most valuable asset. They are currently devoted primarily to automobile traffic and parking on a first-come basis. To become more multi-modal the City must re-prioritize use of its public space. It is more efficient and fair to charge for on-street parking, just as the city charges for use of other costly utilities. This manages demand and generates revenue.
Walking and Cycling Walking and Cycling ImprovementsImprovements
• More investment in sidewalks, crosswalks, paths and bike lanes.
• Improved roadway shoulders.
• More traffic calming.
• Bicycle parking and changing facilities.
• Encouragement, education and enforcement programs.
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Complete StreetsComplete Streets
A Complete Street is designed for all activities, abilities, and travel modes. Complete Streets provide safe and comfortable access for pedestrians, cyclists, transit users and motorists, and a livable environment for visitors, customers, employees and residents in the area.
Complete Streets Design FeaturesComplete Streets Design Features
• Sidewalks
• Cross walks
• Bike lanes
• Traffic speed reductions (traffic calming)
• Bus lanes
• Bus stops
• Traffic lanes
• Center turn lanes
• On-street parking
• Landscaping and street furniture
Complete Streets Typology Complete Streets Typology
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Designing Complete Streets Designing Complete Streets
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Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
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Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
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Linking the Centers across Linking the Centers across US29US29by Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities by Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities InstituteInstitute
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Ped/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garagePed/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garage
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Mixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lotMixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lot
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Landscaping maturesLandscaping matures
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Additional redevelopmentAdditional redevelopment
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Landscaping matures over timeLandscaping matures over time
Redesigning City Centers Redesigning City Centers
The Cheonggyecheon Riverin Seoul (South Korea) before (top) and after (bottom) the project. Claiming back urban space from road vehicles can dramatically improve the liveability of cities.
Photos by Seoul Development Institute
Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options
Create diverse housing options (various unit sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve diverse needs (families with children, people with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).
Provide an appropriate amount of affordable housing.
Provide appropriate services, including schools.
Reduced parking requirements and unbundle parking in TODs.
Reduces property taxes and utility fees for compact development in recognition of the lower costs of providing public services compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.
Smart Growth (Density, Design, Smart Growth (Density, Design, Diversity)Diversity)
• Compact and mixed development.
• Transport network connectivity.
• Transportation diversity (good walking, cycling, public transport, taxis, vehicle rentals, etc.).
• Good walkability.
• Attractive streets and urban villages.
• Efficient parking management.
• Traffic calming and speed control.
Smart Growth BenefitsSmart Growth Benefits
Economic Social Environmental
Development cost savings
Public service cost savings
Transportation cost savings
Agglomeration efficiencies
Supports environmentally sensitive industries (tourism, farming, etc.).
Improved transport options, particularly for non-drivers.
Improved housing options.
Community cohesion.
Cultural resource (historic sites, older neighborhoods, etc.) preservation
Increased physical fitness and health
Greenspace & habitat preservation
Pollution emission reductions
Energy conservation
Reduced “heat island” effect
More compact, accessible land use development provides numerous economic, social and environmental savings and benefits.
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Parking ManagementParking Management
• Regulate and price on-street parking to favor higher value uses.
• As much as possible, charge users directly for parking, rather than indirectly through taxes and rents.
• More flexible parking requirements.
• Share parking spaces rather than having assigned spaces.
• Parking Cash Out (Employees who current receive free parking are able to choose a cash benefit or transit subsidy instead.)
• Better enforcement.
Parking Management Parking Management ProblemProblem
Many areas don’t really have a parking supply problem, they have a parking management problem - parking spaces that are unavailable to the motorists who need them.
Changing Parking ParadigmChanging Parking Paradigm
Old Paradigm New Paradigm
Parking problem means inadequate parking supply.
There are many types of parking problems, including inadequate or excessive supply, inadequate user information, and inefficient management
Parking should generally be free, funded indirectly, through rents and taxes.
Users should pay directly for parking facilities when possible
Parking should be available on a first-come basis
Parking should be regulated to favor higher priority uses and encourage efficiency
Parking management is a last resort, to be applied only if increasing supply is infeasible
Parking management programs should be widely applied to prevent parking problems
Transportation means driving Driving is just one type of transport
Parking ManagementParking Management
Parking Management consists of various strategies that result in more efficient use of existing parking resources.
Why Parking Management?Why Parking Management?
• Improves motorist convenience.
• Creates more attractive streetscapes.
• Housing affordability.
• Downtown redevelopment.
• More walkable communities.
• Economic development.
• Reduced pavement.
• Encourages walking, cycling and public transit use.
In the past, parking planning mainly involved regulations and subsidies to increase supply.
Now more efficient management is increasingly used to address parking problems, particularly in growing communities and downtowns areas.
Parking Facility CostsParking Facility Costs
Parking Pricing and Cash OutParking Pricing and Cash Out
Parking is never really free, consumers either pay directly or indirectly. Paying directly tends to be more fair and efficient, and typically reduces parking demand about 20%.
Efficient parking pricing can have similar traffic reduction benefits as road pricing with far lower implementation costs.
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Improve User InformationImprove User Information
Whenever you indicate that parking is prohibited, also indicate where parking is available.
Institutional ReformsInstitutional Reforms
• Improve transport data collection.
• Comprehensive, multi-modal transport planning.
• Lease-cost planning and funding.
• Sustainable transport hierarchy.
• Set performance targets
• Interagency coordination.
• Improve user information.
• Improve enforcement.
• Identify best practices and appropriate innovations from other countries, including Northern Europe, Brazil, Korea and India.
New Planning ResourcesNew Planning Resources
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TOD Planning ResourcesTOD Planning ResourcesParking and Transit Oriented Developments, EMBARQ Webinar (http://tinyurl.com/lamqqej).
Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org/html/TOD).
Footfalls: Obstacle Course To Livable Cities, Centre For Science And Environment (www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/footfalls-obstacle-course-livable-cities)
Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org).
Measuring Public Transport Performance- Lessons For Developing Cities, Sustainable Urban Transport Project (www.sutp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2826).
Mixed-Income Transit-Oriented Development Action Guide (www.mitod.org).
Changing Course in Urban Transport- An Illustrated Guide, Sustainable Urban Transport Project (www.sutp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2825).
Sustainable Transportation: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries (www.sutp.org),
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (www.itdp.org)
Better Street, Better Cities: A Guide To Street Design In Urban India, ITDP (www.itdp.org/betterstreets).
Walkability and Pedestrian Facilities in Asian Cities: State and Issues, Asian Development Bank (http://tinyurl.com/kbe52ex ).
Transforming Cities with Transit: Transport and Land Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development , World Bank (http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821397459.
Better Urban Mobility in Developing Countries: Problems, Solutions and Good Practices , International Association of Public Transport (www.uitp.org/publications/brochures/Dev-Countries-uk.pdf).
Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Ministry of Urban Development (www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/final_Report.pdf).
Online TDM Encyclopedia (www.vtpi.org/tdm).
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
• What is Istanbul’s strategic planning vision?• Does Istanbul have smart growth policies that
support infill rather than sprawled development?• Does Istanbul have policies that support transit-
oriented development? • How well does IETT work with local
governments to create more transit-oriented neighborhoods?
• What can be done to improve the integration of transport and land use planning in Istanbul?
“Can Smart Growth Policies Conserve Energy and Reduce Emissions?”
“Toward More Comprehensive and Multi-modal Transport Evaluation”
“Evaluating Non-Motorized Transportation Benefits and Costs”
“Evaluating Public Transport Benefits and Costs”
“Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts”
“Understanding Smart Growth Savings”
“Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth”
“Online TDM Encyclopedia”
and more...
www.vtpi.org44