Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Exam SpecificationsCandidates should be familiar with graphical and tabulated data
Candidates should be familiar with the following terms agonistic behavior endogenous home range auxin entrainment kin selection biological clock exogenous photoperiodism cooperative breeding free running period
zeitgeber courtship
Topic Outline The Basics ndash abiotic biotic ecological niche
HowWhy Respond
Responses in space
Responses in time
Interspecfic relationships
Intra specific relations
The Basics Abiotic
non living Temperature Light intensity Moisture Substrate ChemicalspH
Biotic Predators Prey Courtship and
mating behaviours
Online Activities1 Watch the following clips complete the quizzes
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Exam SpecificationsCandidates should be familiar with graphical and tabulated data
Candidates should be familiar with the following terms agonistic behavior endogenous home range auxin entrainment kin selection biological clock exogenous photoperiodism cooperative breeding free running period
zeitgeber courtship
Topic Outline The Basics ndash abiotic biotic ecological niche
HowWhy Respond
Responses in space
Responses in time
Interspecfic relationships
Intra specific relations
The Basics Abiotic
non living Temperature Light intensity Moisture Substrate ChemicalspH
Biotic Predators Prey Courtship and
mating behaviours
Online Activities1 Watch the following clips complete the quizzes
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Exam SpecificationsCandidates should be familiar with graphical and tabulated data
Candidates should be familiar with the following terms agonistic behavior endogenous home range auxin entrainment kin selection biological clock exogenous photoperiodism cooperative breeding free running period
zeitgeber courtship
Topic Outline The Basics ndash abiotic biotic ecological niche
HowWhy Respond
Responses in space
Responses in time
Interspecfic relationships
Intra specific relations
The Basics Abiotic
non living Temperature Light intensity Moisture Substrate ChemicalspH
Biotic Predators Prey Courtship and
mating behaviours
Online Activities1 Watch the following clips complete the quizzes
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
2 Read through the following pagehttpwww2ccsdwssbfacultyteam8ejecoleScienceabiotic_vs_htm
httpsciencebitzcompage_id=23
3 Complete the following activity to test your understandinghttpwwwpbslearningmediaorgassetlsps07_int_ecosystem
The Basicso Ecological niche
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Where an organism lives what it eats what eats it when it is active adaptations it has to survive
Realised niche Where the organism is actually found due to limiting
factors ndash competition lack of resources Fundamental niche
Where the organism could potentially be found
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Why Respond Why respond - put your ideas onto the following padlet
brainstorm httppadletcomwallResponseAdvantage
Adaptive Advantage - directly or indirectly helps individuals survive or reproduce
What is the adaptive advantage of being able to respond to the environment
Get maximum sunlight for photosynthesis Grow roots towards nutrients and water source Move to warmer surroundings Hide when its daylight or too coldhellip conserve energy
Online Activities1 Watch the following clip read the information and answer the quiz
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
flowering or germination after a cold snap Ensures floweringgermination in spring
Dormancy Arrested (slowed) plant growth Ensures survival during wintersummer drought
Abscission Leaf fall Prevents leaves freezing in winter
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Jellybeans and AuxinAim To demonstrate effects of auxin in the shoot
Method1 Create a shoot with small jellybeans (5 on each side) and half a
marshmallow at the top (apical meristem) ndash take a photo
2 When exposed to light ndash lollie pop IAA (choc chips) is released from the marshmallow (apical meristem) and travels to the dark side of the stem ndash take a photo
3 The IAA (choc chips) is absorbed into the cells on the dark side causing these cells to enlargehellipslowly remove the choc chips and replace 3 small jelly beans with large ones on the side opposite to sun ndash one at a time ensuring the top and bottoms of jellybeans are always touching and the middle take a photo each time
4 Keep the jellybeans ALL touching and the top two jellybeans ending at the same point with the marshmallow on the top
Results5 What happens to the direction of growth Why
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
IAA There are many types of Auxins Indole Acetic Acid is involved with cell
elongation
Auxin Auxin is a plant hormone which causes
cells to elongate
httpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtm
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Auxin is made in the tip and moves down the dark side of the shoot causing the shoot to bend towards the stimulus
Auxin is soluble in water but not mica or glass
Auxin also moves with gravity to lower side causing elongation and shoots to grow up out of soil
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Auxin ExperimentsExperiment 1 Effect of IAA on cell elongation in the shoots
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of shoots take before and after photos ndash compare
Experiment 2 Effect of IAA on cells in the direction of growth in the roots
Soak and grow bean shoots and roots too 3 cm length
Rub IAA onto left side of one set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Rub IAA onto the right side of a different set of roots take before and after photos ndash compare
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Stem CuttingsAim Investigate the effect of rooting hormone on the rate of root development
Method (tissue culturing) see worksheet
1 Sterilize utensils workspace containers(the trick is to keep things as sterile as possible so that you grow plant tissue and not bacteria or fungi)
2 Take cutting sterilize cutting3 Dip cutting in rooting hormone4 Place one in agar with rooting hormone and the
other in agar without hormone (label)
Auxin in the Root Auxin falls with gravity to
the lower side of the shoot and root
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
In the shoot it causes cell elongation shoot grows up towards the light
In the root it stops the cells elongating and therefore the root bends down towards the soil and water
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Auxin MovementAim To investigate the movement of auxin
Method1 Set up a box with three plants in2 Plant A ndash cut the tip off (about 2cm)3 Plant B ndash cover the tip with tin foil4 Plant C ndash leave as is5 Put a hole in the box on one side and angle towards
light6 Take a photo after 5 daysResultsDescribe what and why each tip responded as it did What is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
>
Explain what is happening in each experiment and why
Page 105 When auxin conc In roots gets to above
__________ppm of auxin the cell growth is _____________
When auxin conc In shoots gets to ________ ppm of auxin the cell growth is ___________ up until _______ppm when the growth is rapidly inhibited
Vine curls around trunk auxin migrates to non touching side of vine causing cell elongation and the vine curves towards trunk and around it
Apical Dominance High concentration of axuin in tip (apical
meristem) of tree prevents growth
Concentration decreases towards base of tree
Adaptive advantage because the top leaves do not shade the leaves underneath
Resulting in Xmas tree shape
Online ActivitiesComplete the prequiz watch and read the animation complete the post quiz ndash did you improve
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropic ResponsesExperiment 1 Phototropic ResponsesAim To investigate phototropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Celleotape bean into small box3 Cut a hole to let the light in on one side of the box4 Leave for 5 days ndash open and investigateResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Experiment 2 Geotropic Responses
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Aim To investigate the geotropic responses in bean plants
Method1 Soak beans over night to encourage germination2 Scellotape bean into petri dish3 Blue tack dish vertically onto the wall4 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph 5 Turn petri dish 180rsquo6 Leave for 5 days ndash take a photograph
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
3 What does tropos mean
4 Give a definition and example of the following (try and find a photo to insert as well)- Table as google doc ndash remember to make a copy
Tropism Definition
Stimulus
Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism
Chemotropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
Hydrotropism
Heliotropism
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropisms1 Why do plants need to respond to the environment
- so they can survive grow and reproduce make the most of resources
2 What things can stimulate plants to respond
- gravity light chemicals touch water
3 What does tropos mean
- Turn
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Tropism Definition Stimulus Example Picture Advantage
Phototropism Growth in response to light
Light Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
Chemotropism Growth in response to chemicals
Chemicals Pollen tube growing towards ovaries
Pollen can fertilize egg in safe protected place for reproduction
Gravitropism Growth response to gravity
Gravity Roots growing down into the ground shoots growing up against gravity
Roots gain anchorage growth towards water Shoots grow towards light for ps
Thigmotropism Growth response to touch
Hard surface Grape vine curling around a stake
Growth up towards the light for photosynthesis
Hydrotropism Growth response to water
Water Willow roots growing into river banks
Get water for photosynthesis transpiration and turgity
Heliotropism Tracking the path of the sun
Light source Sunflower moving to face the sun
Increased light so increased photosynthesis
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
- The shoot responds to gravity by growing upwards (negative geotropism) and upwards towards the light (positive phototropism)
- Auxin is a hormone that is produced in the tip (apical meristem) IAA is an example causes cell elongation by making the vacuole retain water Auxin moves down from the tip causing cells to elongate and grow upwards
- Gravity causes the shoot on sprouting from the seed to grow upwards if it needs to curve to do this auxin is released to the lower side (gravity drops it to this side) elongating the cells on this side causing the shoot to bend upwards and grow up and out of the soil
- Once exposed to light auxin is released from the tip and travels down the dark side of the shoot causing cell elongation and the shoot to bend towards the light
- The advantage of negative geotropism is that the shoot grows in the correct direction to get to sunlight quickly so it can start carrying out photosynthesis
- There is no light under the soil so it cannot rely on phototropism Once exposed to light the plant is a producer and therefore makes its own energy and needs light for the process of photosynthesis growing towards the light increases light intensity and therefore rate of photosynthesis and growth
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Online Activities1 Watch the following cliphttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=5JXm1USHlQYhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=uX5eoxKbzHEhttpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=pi3P3uJOsN4httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=CGIgvzGpPRwhttpseducation-portalcomacademylessontropisms-phototropic-geotropic-and-thigmotropic-plant-growthhtmllesson (complete the quiz too)httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=DDMlvthj8MY
2 Read the following pageshttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementstropismtropismshtmlhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthrev1shtmlhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp383802001html - complete the quiz toohttpwwwksciencecoukanimationsauxinhtmhttpleavingbionetplant20responseshtmhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpplantsinmotionbioindianaeduplantmotionmovementsnasticnastichtmlhttpwwwslidesharenetmazz4plant-responses-15051190
3 Complete this online quizhttpwwwbbccoukschoolsgcsebitesizescienceadd_gateway_pre_2011livingcontrolplantgrowthquizq78887607
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal Responses Taxis ndash movement of an animal towards or away
from a stimulus
Kinesis ndash an animals non directional activity speed response to a stimulus
Homing ndash ability to find and return to a home site
Migration ndash movement of animals between two habitats
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
KinesisCan relate to speed of movement ndash orthokinesis or direction of movement ndash klinokinesis in relation to the intensity of the stimulus
Eg more light = faster movement (to get out of light and predators vision)
Animal ResponsesExample Stimulus
Prefix(hydro geo etc)
KinesistaxisKlinoortho
Positivenegative
Adaptive advantage
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate taxic responses in slaters
Method1 Using choice chambers set up the following conditions
A Light vs Dark (cover one side with a rag)B Dry vs Moist (moisten filter paper and put in one dish)C Hot vs Cold (put ice under one side)
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Animal ResponsesAim To investigate kinetic responses in slaters
Method1 Put 5 slaters in an ice cream container2 Observe speed of movement3 Shine light at them from 50cm4 Observe speed of movement5 Shine light at them from 25cm6 Observe speed of movement
ResultsWhat is the adaptive advantage of this type of response What is the stimulus causing the response What is the name given to this type of response
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Questions 1 Differentiate between migration and homing2 One - way migrations are usually in response to what3 What factors may have been responsible for the one - way migration of early
humans4 Suggest some environmental factors that may trigger migration5 Of what advantage is it for animals to migrate6 What are the risks of migration7 Why must the Golden Plover make a non - stop migratory flight from Alaska to
Hawaii8 What evidence is there that migration is species specific and innate9 What evidence is cited to illustrated that the sum and the stars are used for
migratory navigation10 Give details of the migratory behaviour of four species of animal found in New
Zealand11 What does the wasp example illustrate12 What enable pigeons to home successfully13 What other cues apart form recognising land marks and celestial bodies do animals
use to orient themselves
Answers
Human Body Clock httpwwwgoldiesroomorgShockwave_Pages068--
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Responses to TimeWhy Synchronise activity with the environment and other organisms (food mates) Time activity with food availability Time activity with reduced risk of predators Saves energy checking when the time is right Ensures reproductive activity occurs at the same time in species Prepare for winter migration
How Internal body clocks ndash endogenous External environmental cues (temp day length) - exogenous
When Annual ndash yearly or circa annual (about a year) Daily ndash 24 hours or circadian (about 24hours) Lunar - monthly or circa lunar (about 295 days) tidal rhythms ndash 125 hours or circa tidal (about 125 hours
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Online interactive on fruit fly activity you need to read and follow the instructions httpneuronillinoisedugamesfruit-fly-simulation httpwwwhhmiorgbiointeractivemeasuring-circadian-activity-drosophila
Rhythm Length
Name Given to this type
of Rhythm
Environmental Cue
(zeitgeber)
Example- give a
plant and animal
example- exoendo
Advantage
About 24 hours
About 125 hours
About 295 days
About 365 days
Daily Cycles in Animals(circadian rhythms)
Animals are active at different times of the day
Diurnal ndash active during the day inactive at night
Nocturnal ndash active at night inactive during the day
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Body Temperature Measure your temperature every 2 hours from the
time you get up in the morning to the time you go to sleep
Dont eat or drink anything right before you take your temperature
Make sure to take your temperature the same way every time and that you read the temperature VERY ACCURATELYthe differences in your body temperature are only a few 01 of a degree
Chart your body temperature with timeuse the X axis for Time of Day and Y axis for Body Temperature
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Interspecific Relationships Relationships BETWEEN two Different species
Padlet TableRelationship Definitio
nExample(NZ if possible)
Advantage for species 1
Advatdisadvant species 2
Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
Herbivory
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Answers Competition Tortoises compete with one another as well as
with the wild goats for food
Predation The Galaacutepagos tortoise was killed by sailors pirates and other human visitors during the 19th century
Parasitism Mites and ticks suck blood from the tortoise
Mutualism The tortoise is cleaned of ticks and mites by the ground finches that eat these parasites and the tortoise benefits by not losing blood to the parasitic insects
Commensalism The scientists at the Charles Darwin Research Station help tortoises survive by raising the endangered young in specialized areas Humans receive no direct benefit from this action
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Plant-plant relationships Relationships between plants is more
complex than you might think
Examples Allelopathy ndash this is when a plant may
secrete a toxic substance from their roots or leaves that inhibits plants growing near them Eg Chaparral bush black walnut
Seed dispersal mechanisms ndash ensures spread of offspring over a wide area
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Plant-plant relationships Growing larger leaves to capture available light
when it is reduced
Plants arranging in layers (stratification) in response to differing environmental conditions (will have adaptations enabling them to survive in certain layers)
Epiphytes ndash grow on other trees to gain access to better conditions
Lianas ndash plant climb up trees
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Plant-fungi relationshipsMany plants will form relationships with
Fungi Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relations
with many plant roots The fungi help the plant roots absorb water and minerals and in return get organic molecules (nutrients) made by the plant by photosynthesis
Obligate mutualistic relationships ndash lichen (made up of algae and fungi) that are obliged to live together Fungi absorbs water and nutrients and keeps the algae wet and the algae carries out photosynthesis and provides sugars and food for the fungus
Plant-animal relationships Herbivores eat plants by
Grazing Browsing Suck sap Feed on nectar pollen fruit and seeds Chew roots Eat gum
Plant defences Plants must have strategies to defend
themselves against herbivory Examples
Thorns Divarication Chemicals Low growing point Seed masting Hiding etc
httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=EFRCe65NV44
Co-operation in plants
Co-operative interactions between plants and other plants and plant and animals can include
Pollination ndash animal pollinators (insectsbirds) are attracted by rewards or advertisements
Guarding plants by animals Animals gaining protection from thorns Eating fruits and seeds pass through digestive track
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific RelationshipsRelationships within the same species
Competition for resources
Territoriality
Hierarchical behaviour
Cooperative interactions Hunting in packs Teaching Clumping for
Predator avoidance Warmth
Reproductive behaviours Courtship Parental care Pair bond
Advantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalladvantagesofgrouping
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Defence - safety in numbers Hunting - cooperative Detection - finding food spot predators Mating - accessible Learning - Passing on of knowledge skills Clumping - warmthmoisture retention Share responsibility of bringing up young Role specialisation Socialisation - friendship Population size regulation (breeding ability) Aerodynamics - flight in V
Disadvantages of Grouping Padlet your ideas http
padletcomwalldisadvantagesgroups
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
competition for resources - food mates shelter space air
Easily spotted by predators Easy transmission of disease Hierarchies - low may get less resources or not
breed Fighting - ldquoDramardquo Infant mortality - cannibalism of infants
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
TasksFor your topic you need to create and interesting interactive (ict or practical) way to teach the class the following
Definition of behaviour Definitions of key terms related to behaviour (see
individual slides) You tube clip about behaviour How behaviour is maintained Several Examples of behaviour Adaptive advantages of behaviour Disadvantages of behaviour Make a roll playskit to demonstrate the behaviour Human example of the behaviour
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Is aggressive Towards members of the same species Involves threats or fighting Determines which competitor gains
access to resources Especially strong between members of
the same sex eg males fighting over females
Intraspecific aggressive responses Territories
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Are established areas for feeding mating or rearing young that are defended
Held by aggressive behaviours Usually consist of a lair or nest in the
centre of the territory surrounded by a large home range that animals cover regularly in search of food and mates
Only the territory is defended
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific aggressive responses Advantages of territoriality
Ensures space for each animal Reduces disease Harder for predators to find animals if
they are spread out Reduces fighting Ensures there is enough food for everyone Safe breeding sights that are defended Best genes are handed on to offspring
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific aggressive responses Disadvantages of territoriality
Males without territories fail to breed as not seen as attractive
Losers must spread out to find food rather than fight
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Intraspecific aggressive responses Marking and defending
Singing Mark with urine Using scent glands Using signals Calling
Intraspecific aggressive responses Hierarchies
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
when every animal is either above or below another (linear hierarchy)
There are no equals Forms ldquoPecking Ordersrdquo (see pg 221-222) Usually established competitively ldquotop dogrdquo will usually make decisions for
the group Maintained by posture and display
Intraspecific co-operative behaviour Includes
Group formation Courtship and pair-bond formation Parental care
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Advantages of forming groups Team work while hunting leads to increased
success rate Less predation as can have members of the
group on ldquolook outrdquo Older members protect young or weak
individuals Large numbers can cause confusion for
predators Breeding sites are located within a boundary
that is protected by members of a group
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
Disadvantages of group formation Competition is increased Disease can spread faster Parasites (eg fleas) spread faster Increases conflict between members
Courtshippair-bond formation Requires co-operation suppression of aggressive
behaviours and communication Usually females make the choice who they mate
with but both partners need to make sure They are the same species Both fertile Both fully prepared to mate See 225
Courtship Males usually will compete for the
attention of females by Competing with other males by fighting or
ritualised combat Compete indirectly by attracting females
by displays and adornments Eg antlers in deer brightly coloured
feathers in peacocks singing and dancing of many bird species producing pheromones
Pair-bond relationship A stable relationship between animals of
the opposite sex that ensures co-operative behaviour on mating and rearing of the young Eg turns albatross
Parental Care Survival depends on successfully breeding
adequate numbers of offspring Can be achieved by to possible strategies
R-strategy ndash produce large numbers of unprepared offspring with a low chance of survival
K-strategy ndash produce few well prepared offspring which have a high chance of survival
See 227 Biozone
Parental Care Degree of parental care depends on the
species Eg eggs buried and then abandoned
(many fish species) nest constructed and defended offspring themselves defended
Often those species that have a high degree of parental care will teach their offspring how to find food where to find water how to make a home etc
Reproductive StrategiesMonogamy ndash each mating with only one member of the opposite sex (often for life)
Polygyny ndash males mate with many females thus fathering many offspring
Polygamy ndash dominant males mates with a harem of females
Polyandry ndash females mate with more than one male
Polygynadry (promiscuity) ndash both male and female mate with more than one member of the opposite sex
See 224 Biozone
Achievement StandardDemonstrate understanding involves describing plant and animal responses to their external environment The description includes
the process(es) within each response andor the adaptive advantage provided for the organism in relation to its ecological niche
Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves using biological ideas to explain
how the responses occur why the responses provide an adaptive advantage for the organism in
relation to its ecological niche Responses are selected from those relating to
orientation in space (tropisms nastic responses taxes kineses homing migration)
orientation in time (annual daily lunar tidal rhythms) interspecific relationships (competition for resources mutualism
exploitation including herbivory predation and parasitism) intraspecific relationships (competition for resources territoriality
hierarchical behaviour cooperative interactions reproductive behaviours) External environment will include both biotic and abiotic factors
