INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

MAEP

Anthropology

THE STUDY OF HUMANITY•It Deals with man from ancient or primitive societies to modern, so that information from this study can help diagnose, predict and prevent social disorganization or changing realities.

THE STUDY OF HUMANITY

• It Deals with man from ancient or primitive societies to modern

• information from this study can help diagnose, predict and prevent social disorganization or changing realities.

It covers 3 areas:• physical (artifacts),• social; and •cultural. It has a far-ranging concern about man, society and culture through physical manifestations.

BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY

•BIOLOGICAL/ PHYSICAL•ARCHAEOLOGY•SOCIAL AND CULTURAL• LINGUISTIC  

1. BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

• Focuses on the evolution of man as a biological organism (paleoanthropology) and aims to answer questions: "What defines human life and society?", "How are social relations among humans organized?", "Who are the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens?",

• "Who are the ancestors of modern Homo sapiens?", "What are humans' physical traits?", "How do humans behave?", "Why are there variations among different groups of humans?", "How has the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens influenced its social organization and culture?"

2. ARCHAEOLOGY •It studies material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior.

• Things studied are tools, potteries and other enduring relics that remains as the legacy of ancient culture

3. SOCI0- CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

• It studies societies and culture describing, analyzing and explaining cultural similarities and differences.

• In considering diversity in time and space anthropologists perceive the universal, the generalized and the particular

LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY  It studies and compares language both simple and complex, its variation and change:•1. Descriptive linguistics- studies sounds, grammar and meaning in particular languages

•2. Historical linguistics- considers variation in time such as changes in sounds, grammar and vocabulary. It also studies the links between languages and culture

Anthropology

Origin, Evolution and Development of man

Part 2

The Different Forerunner Theories

1. Uniformitarian theory

2. Unilineal Evolution theory

3. Historical Particularism

4. British Functionalism

1. Uniformitarian Theory

• The process responsible for the formation of earth occur at steady or uniform and gradual rates.

2. Unilineal Theory

• All human ways of life pass through a similar sequence of stages or grades as they evolved

3. Historical Particularism

• championed by American Anthropologist Franz Boas . It attempted to discover the past influences on a given culture that made it the way it is, why people have their distinct ways of feeling, thinking and behaving.

4. British Functionalism Theory

( 1920 – 1950) Popularized by Bronislaw Malinowski a British. It proposes that culture features of the people should be explained by the functions they perform.

Origin and Evolution of Man• 1. Homonids – Prehumans or

Protohumans (Australopithecines) discovered in south Africa in 1924 is a ground dwelling ape and has an erect posture but had an ape-like brain.

• 2. Homo – which succeeds the homonids and which contains one or more species like: Lucy found 3 – 3.5 M y.0.

• a. Homo Habilis – skillful man• b. Homo Erectus – upright • man• c. Homo Sapiens – wise man

Anthropological Discoveries

• Anthropological Discoveries:• 1.Lucy – 3-3.5 million years y.o. 40%

humanlike. Discovered by Donald Johanson in 1974 in Africa.

• 2. Homo habilis- 1.75 million y.o. discovered by

• L.S.B. Leakey in Tanzania in 1964.• 3. Homo erectus-1.8 million y.o.

discovered by Dr. Eugene Dubois in 1891 in Java

• Records show that Homo sapiens, the only survivor of the genus homo, is man’s own species began to replace the Homo erectus (bipedal man) 100,000 years ago.

•  

• 2 TYPES OF HOMO SAPIENS:• Homo sapiens Neanderthalensis• Inhabitants of Europe and

adjacent • parts of Asia and Africa,

discovered in • 1956

• Homo sapiens sapiens Found in Southern France in

Cro- magnon caves• Homo sapiens invented complex

tools such as bow and arrow and sewing needles.

• Humans domesticated animals and plants

• They mastered varied environments

• In 3000 B.C. they built walled cities, used plows and wheeled vehicles

• Built irrigation canals and studied astronomy and invented writing.

MAN’S CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

1. PALEOLETHIC Evidenced by making and using tools 2. MESOLITHIC CULTURE- transition Lived along coastal areas, those living in inland used bow and arrows. Domesticated dogs.• 

• NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION Called the new stone age. There

is a shift from food-gathering to food producing

• AGE OF METALS- transition from pre-historic to historic about 4000 B.C.• Copper – used by Sumerians and

Egyptians• Bronze- used by the Orientals• Iron- Used by the Hitties of Asia M.