VI. REKOMENDASI

A. Dasar Pemberian RekomendasiB. Rekomendasi Tindakan (Preventif

dan Kuratif)C. Implementasi Rekomendasi

Pengelolaan OPT

Iklim Menentukan jenis hama dan patogen (OPT) Menentukan Inang Target Menentukan inang alternatif Identifikasi daerah/wilayah (Topografi) Penghitungan ukuran sampel Pola tanam Perilaku Petani

A. Dasar Pemberian Rekomendasi

Menentukan Jenis Hama dan Patogen (OPT)

1. Menggunakan sumber informasi

√ Ahlinya

√ NPPO (National Plant Protection Organisation)

√ Internet

- www.apsnet.org

- www.cabi.org

- http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/index.html

2. Kualitas sumber informasi

3. Nama OPT (sinonim, nama umum dan ilmiah)

4. Vektor

5. Kemungkinan dampak adanya OPT

Bag pengaruhnya thd inang, sistem produksi, ekosistem,dan industri

6. Karakteristik OPT

- karakteristik diagnosis

- gejala (akar, daun, batang, umbi, mahkota, buah)

- inang

- daur hidup

7. Koleksi Referensi Spesimen

- handout yg dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi

- mempunyai koleksi referensi contoh tanaman sakit,

patogen

- penggunaan kamera digital

8. Kumpulan Informasi OPT

yi nama umum dan ilmiah, kisaran inang, gejala dan morfologi, fotoberwarna ttg OPT, habitat

Menentukan Inang Target1. Nama inang

2. NIlai ekonomi tanaman inang

3. Tempat hidup dan daur hidup tanaman inang

4. Tanaman inang mudah diperoleh

5. Penyebaran regional tanaman inang

Menentukan Inang Alternatif

Sumber tanaman inang alternatif yaitu tanaman inang lain yangberdekatan.

Informasi ini bisa diperoleh dari:

- publikasi

- databases

- internet

Identifikasi Daerah/Wilayah/Topografi

Ada 6 tingkat:

1. Seleksi daerah yang akan diamati OPTnya.

2. Seleksi distrik

3. Seleksi tempat dalam distrik

4. Seleksi lapangan dalam masing-masing tempat

5. Seleksi sampling dalam masing-masing lapangan

6. Seleksi titik sampling

Penghitungan Ukuran Sampel

1. Prevalensi aktual

2. Rancangan prevalensi

Didasarkan pd perkiraan survei awal dr prevalensi aktual OPT dilapangan dan digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran sampel

3. Perkiraan prevalensi

- Ditentukan selama survei

- Diperuntukkan untuk memperkirakan prevalensi aktual

4. Akurasi metode (berpengaruh langsung pd kemampuan mendeteksiadanya OPT dan dipertimbangkan dlm memperkirakan ukuran sampel

5. Ukuran sampel adalah jumlah tempat yang diperlukan untuk survei

Bdsk masalah yang ada, dapat diambil kesimpulansekaligus sebagai acuan dalam pemberian rekomendasipengendalian untuk petani.Berdasarkan waktu timbulnya gangguan, perlindungan

tanaman dilakukan melalui 2 cara, yaitu secara preventifdan kuratif.Perlindungan tanaman secara preventif: pencegahan

sebelum tanaman terganggu.Perlindungan tanaman secara kuratif: mengurangi

kerugian selama tanaman terganggu.Perlindungan tanaman yang baik dilakukan secara

preventif terlebih dahulu dan jika tanaman mengalamigangguan dilakukan perlindungan secara kuratif.

B. Rekomendasi Tindakan (Preventif dan Kuratif)

Perlindungan tanaman terhadap hama dan penyakitdilakukan melalui 6 cara pelaksanaan dan 5 prinsip. Enam cara pelaksanaan perlindungan tanaman, yaitu

cara budidaya, penggunaan tanaman tahan, cara fisik,cara mekanik, peraturan, dan penggunaan bahankimia.Lima prinsip perlindungan tanaman, yaitu eksklusi,

eradikasi, ketahanan, proteksi dan penghindaran.

Cara-cara pelaksanaan perlindungan tanaman:1. Cara kultur teknis atau budidaya tanaman

a. Pengolahan tanahb. Sanitasi yaitu usaha membersihkan tempat-tempat

yang kemungkinan digunakan oleh penggangguuntuk hidup, berkembangbiak, maupun bertahan.

c. Pemupukan yaitu usaha menambah hara tanahsehingga tanaman menjadi lebih sehat dan mampumentoleransi kerusakan atau menjadi tidak mudahdiserang oleh pengganggu.

d. Rotasi tanaman atau pergiliran tanaman yaitumenanam tanaman secara bergantian (bergilir)dengan tanaman yang berbeda jenis akan dapatmemutus daur hidup pengganggu.

e. Pengaturan waktu tanamPenggeseran waktu tanam dapat sangat membantumengurangi timbulnya gangguan.

2. Penggunaan tanaman tahanKelemahan: Biayanya tinggi Sulit mendapatkan sumber gen Sering menimbulkan biotipe atau ras baru Tanaman tahan hasil transgenik masih dipertanyakan

pengaruhnya terhadap perilaku manusia sebagaikonsumen.

3. Cara fisikCara fisik dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan faktor-faktorfisik, misalnya suhu, kelembapan, sinar atau radiasi.

4. Cara mekanikCara mekanik dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat dantenaga.

5. Penggunaan peraturan atau undang-undang karantinaCara ini lebih bersifat mencegah masuk, berkembang,dan menyebarnya suatu pengganggu dari dan ke daerahatau negara.

6. Penggunaan bahan kimia

Prinsip-prinsip perlindungan tanaman :1. Eksklusi penganggu

Prinsip eksklusi bertujuan untuk mencegah masuknyapengganggu ke daerah yang masih bebas pengganggu.Misalnya: Karantina

2. Eradikasi tanamanPrinsip eradikasi bertujuan untuk membunuh atau mengurangibanyaknya pengganggu yang berada di lahan atau di bagiantanaman.Misalnya: cara budi daya yang berprinsip eradikasi (pergilirantanaman, sanitasi, dan penggunaan mulsa polietilen), fisik(penggunaan radiasi untuk membunuh patogen permukaan, uapair panas untuk sterilisasi tanah), kimia(fumigasi tanahmenggunakan formalin, perlakuan benih menggunakanpestisida), dan hayati (penggunaan antagonis, penggunaantanaman perangkap dan pemusnahannya).

3. Ketahanan tanaman (resistensi)Tanaman tahan berarti tanaman yang mempunyaikemampuan untuk menghambat perkembangan hamadan patogen atau dapat beradaptasi terhadappengaruh lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan.

4. Proteksi5. Penghindaran

C. Implementasi Rekomendasi Pengelolaan OPT

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTMock OrangePhiladelphus spp.

Bacterial blight,Pseudomonas syringaepv. syringae

Small watersoakedspots that turn darkbrown to black. Aslight chlorotic halomay be present.Lesions may beangular. Leaves maybecome distorted andshoots may die back.Common in cool wetseasons.

Remove and destroyinfected leaves andshoots. Avoidoverhead watering.Protect nursery stockfrom rain and frost.Space plants for goodair circulation.CHEMICAL: Fixedcoppers.

Cherry/Chokecherryand other Prunus spp.grown as landscapeplants Prunus spp.

Bacterial spot andcanker, Pseudomonassyringae pv. syringae

Angular or circular,red/brown lesionswhich drop out givingthe leaf a tatteredappearance.Occasionally cankersform on twigs andbranches.

Seldom serious inlandscape settings.Prune cankered woodduring dormant period.Cleap up leaves andother debris in fall.CHEMICAL: Copper.

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTCherry/Chokecherry and otherPrunus spp. grownas landscapeplants Prunus spp.

Black knot,Apiosporinamorbosa

Infection occurs in springwith olive-green, elongateswellings on branchesvisible the next spring.Galls turn woody andblack later that secondsummer.

Remove infected branches 3-4äbelow galls before budbreak.Remove nearby wildchokecherries.CHEMICAL: Apply lime sulfur asa dormant application followingpruning or thiophanate-methylwhen dormant, at pink bud, fullbloom and 3 weeks later.

Brown rot,Moniliniafructicola

Sudden browning anddeath of flowers. Cankerson small branches. Mostnoticeable is the browningand dropping of fruit,often with a gray/brownspore mass on the surface.Infected fruits shrivel(form mummies) andpersist on the tree throughwinter.

Remove and destroy allmummified fruit.CHEMICAL: Benomyl, captan,chlorothalonil, ferbam, iprodione,myclobutanil (cherry only),propiconazole, thiophanate-methyl,vinclozolin, wettable sulfur. Beginas flower buds first open andcontinue as per label directions.

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTRose Rosa spp. Black spot,

Diplocarponrosae

Purple to black leaf spots witha fibrous or fringedappearance. Foliage yellowsand drops. Leaves are mostsusceptible while expanding.Severe under wet conditionswith susceptible cultivars.Infections on canes are notcommon.

Rake and destroy fallenleaves especially at end ofseason. Avoid denseplantings. Prune canes backto two buds when caneinfections are present. Plantresistant cultivars. AVOIDoverhead watering.CHEMICAL: Dormant spraysinclude lime sulfur andtribasic copper sulfate.Growing season spraysinclude chlorothalonil,ferbam fixed coppers,mancozeb, thiophanate-methyl, triforine, wettablesulfur, ziram, or zyban..

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTRosa spp. Crown gall,

Agrobacteriumtumefaciens

Soft spongy or woody gallswith an irregular surfaceand shape develop on theroots and/or crown. Sizevaries from less than aninch to several inches.Canes may be girdled andkilled. Bacteria are soil-borne.

Plant only disease-free nurserystock. Inspect closely beforeplanting. Do not plant where thecrown gall organism is present insoil. Avoid planting/cultivationinjuries. Destroy infected plants.CHEMICAL: Nursery only: Galltrolas a preventative.

Downy mildew,Peronosporasparsa

White/gray, powderyfungal growth on leaves,flowers, and succulent/green plant parts.Distorted growth andflowers. Tip dieback.(Overwinters in infectedbuds and leaves and ontwigs and branches.)

Water only at the base andinfrequently to keep humidity low.Do not crowd plants. Locate plantingand prune area plants to provide goodair circulation. Rake and destroyfallen leaves. Plant cultivars withresistance.CHEMICAL: Dormant spray of limesulfur. Growing season: Fenarimol,thiophanate-methyl, triadimefon,triforine, wettable sulfur, ziram, orzyban.

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTRosa spp. Powdery

mildew,Sphaerothecapannosa

White/gray, powdery fungalgrowth on leaves, flowers, andsucculent/green plant parts.Distorted growth and flowers.Tip dieback. (Overwinters ininfected buds and leaves andon twigs and branches.)

Water only at the base andinfrequently to keephumidity low. Do not crowdplants. Locate planting andprune area plants to providegood air circulation. Rakeand destroy fallen leaves.Plant cultivars withresistance.CHEMICAL: Dormant sprayof lime sulfur. Growingseason: Fenarimol,thiophanate-methyl,triadimefon, triforine,wettable sulfur, ziram, orzyban.

HOST PLANT DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENTRoot knotnematodes,Meloidogynespp.

Knots or small galls of roottissue are the most commonand easily recognized symptomcaused by root knotnematodes.

Avoid replanting in aninfested area.To inspect prior tointroducing them into alandscape or nursery.

INSECT DAMAGE MANAGEMENTWhitefl iesOrderHemiptera

Both adults and nymphscause damage by sucking sapfrom the foliage andvectoring plant viruses.Infested plants are stuntedand leaves turn yellow andmay drop off. Whitefl iessecrete honeydew on whichsooty mold may develop.

Similar control as for aphids. Dip or spray plantwith insecticides. Also may use systemicinsecticides applied as a granular or liquid to soil.Washing with warm, soapy water can help reducepest infestations of white fl ies. For soapywater, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of a mild dishwashingliquid soap per gallon of water. Do not uselaundry detergent or automatic dishwashingdetergent. Several Phytoseiid mites are knownpredators of whitefl ies and commerciallyavailable.

ThripsOrderThysanoptera

Thrips feed on plant sap andalso are known to vectorplant viruses. Feedingdamage results in the leafsurfaces becoming whitenedor silvery and speckled. Leaftips wither, curl up and die.Buds will fail to opennormally.

Similar control as for aphids.Dip or spray plant with insecticides. Also may usesystemic insecticides applied as a granular orliquid to soil. Washing with warm, soapy watercan help reduce pest infestations of thrips. Forsoapy water, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of a milddishwashing liquid soap per gallon of water. Donot use laundry detergent or automaticdishwashing detergent. Several Phytoseiid mitesare known predators of thrips and commerciallyavailable.

INSECT DAMAGE MANAGEMENTSpringtailsOrderCollembola

Springtails can jump with theaid of a forked furcula (taillikestructure) when disturbed.Most often seen afterwatering because this forcesthem to the surface.Attracted to moist high-organic soils and feed mainlyon decaying organic matter.Some species may feed onthe root system, causingwilting.

Drench soil with insecticide. On sensitiveplants, water soil to bring insects tosurface and then use a foliar spray to killinsects.

MealybugsOrderHemiptera

Damage is caused by suckingplant sap and injecting toxinsinto the plant, which causesyellowing, stunting andeventually plant death. Likeaphids, mealybugs secretehoneydew on which sootymold may develop.

Dip or spray plants. To ensure wetting ofmealybugs, add mild household detergent at arate of ½ teaspoon per gallon of water withsolution. Also may use systemic insecticidesapplied as a granular or liquid to soil. Washingwith warm, soapy water can help reduce pestinfestations of mealybugs. For soapy water, use 1to 2 teaspoons of a mild dishwashing liquid soapper gallon of water. Do not use laundry detergentor automatic dishwashing detergent.