WHAT IS BLOOD CLOTTING?Blood clotting or coagulation is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

WHAT ARE CLOTTING FACTORS?The clotting factors are the group of chemicals that are constant circulation in the blood or present in tissues of the blood vessels. These compound are responsible for the formation of a blood clot. The are activated by cofactors (e.g calcium ).

List of pathways:There are two pathways: Intrinsic pathway Extrinsic pathway

Names of blood clotting factors:

CALCIUM AND ITS ROLE IN COAGULATION OF BLOOD

CALCIUMACTS AS A COFACTOR

DURING BLOOD CLOTTING

Aggregation of platelets by calcium:Activates protein kinase C

Activates phospholipase A

Modifies glycoprotein

Binds to fibrinogen

Cross linked with glycoprotein

Causes aggregation of platelets

Activation of factors by calcium Calcium are involved in factors like 2,7,9,10

FACTOR IINAME: prothrombinSOURCE: liverPATHWAY: extrinsic and intrinsic pathwayACTIVATOR: prothrombin activatorACTIONS: prothrombin is converted into thrombin which then activated fibrinogen into fibrin

FACTOR VIIName: anti-hemophilic factor Source: endothelium lining blood vessel and plateletsPathway: intrinsic Activator: thrombinActions: works with factor 8 and CALCIUM to activate factor 9

FACTOR X NAME: Stuart factorSOURCE: liver PATHWAY: bothACTIVATOR: factor 6 + factor 8 + factor 7+ calciumACTIONS: works with the platelets phospholipids to convert prothrombin into thrombin. this reaction is made faster by activated factor 5

FACTOR XINAME: plasma thromboplastin SOURCE: liver PATHWAY: intrinsicACTIVATOR: factor 11ACTION: works with calcium to activate factor 8deficiency: hemophilic c

Role of calcium in the activation of cofactors:

Calcium is required for the activation of factors like 2,7,9,10 Calcium are required cofactors for prothrombin activation

enzyme complexes to function. This is called tenase and converts prothrombin to thrombin.

Calcium mediates the binding of tenase enzyme complexes to the phospholipid surfaces expressed by platelets, which in turn activates prothrombin to produce thrombin which produces fibrin to fibrinogen.

Calcium acts as a catalyst for this reaction Calcium speeds up the reaction to occur within time factors

involved in the coagulation Calcium is involved to synthesize anticoagulant protein C

EXAMPLE

STARTING WITH THE MINOR INJURY

WHEN BLOOD VESSEL GOT DAMAGED

BLOOD CELLS ESCAPE FROM THE WOUND

BLOOD CELLS CARRIES OXYGEN

PLATELETS COMES FROM WHITE BLOOD CELLS

CLOTTING FACTOR HELPS TO CLOT

PLATELET ADHERE TO THE SURFACE

PLATELET PLUG STOPS THE EXTERNAL BLEEDING

BEGINNING OF CLOTTING PROCESS

CLOTTING FACTOR ACTIVITY INCREASES

FIBRIN ATTACH AND SEALS THE WOUND

BLOOD VESSEL SEALS AFTER SEVERAL DAYS

calcium deficiencies: Inhibit proper blood

coagulation. This may be caused by a

nutritional deficiencies Acute problems in which the

calcium is allocated elsewhere in the blood