Chemical messengers

Department of Chemistry

Submitted by: Marwa Al-Aqarbeh (9130134)

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Chemical messengers

Neuropeptide

Pheromone

Hormones

Neurotransmitter

Chemical Messenger :is any compound that serves to transmit a messages

• Long range chemical messengerHormone

• a chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same speciesPheromone

• a protein sequence which acts as a hormone or neurotransmitterNeuropeptide

• communicates to adjacent cellsNeurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter chemicals that transmit signals across

a synapse from one neuron to another 'target' neuron (braincell)

Acetyl choline

Neurotransmitter & Neuropeptide

Tubocurarine chloride

Tubocurarine (also known as d-tubocurarine or DTC) is a toxic alkaloid and skeletal muscle relaxant in the category of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, used adjunctively in anesthesia to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery

Tubocurarine chloride biosynthesis

Deadly Effects Nurotransmitter • Muscarinic receptors

– Bind acetylcholine (Ach) in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

– Also binds muscarine (a mushroom toxin) that• Mimics Ach (agonistic action) and can cause a

severe parasympathomimetic to the point of death

Deadly Effects Nurotransmitter

• Nicotinic receptors– Bind Ach at neuromuscular junctions– Also binds curare (poison arrow frog toxin) and

blocks the receptor (antagonistic action)• Causes paralysis and very potentially death

Hormones

Hormones

• What are they?– Chemical messengers secreted by

specialized cells• from isolated endocrine cells which makes up the

diffuse endocrine system• from neurons• from immune system cells producing cytokines

– Where do they go?• Into blood (most)• Into environment (ectohormones or pheromones)

Hormones role

Involved in

• Growth• Development• Metabolism• Reproduction

How do hormones get from point A to B?

secret by specific cell

Travel in blood stream

water insoluble require (protein)

transport mechanism

It act by binding to receptor on target cells

Act by

• Altering rates of enzyme mediated reactions

• Control the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

• Regulating the rate of gene expression (& therefore protein production)

• Steroid Hormone Action

Hormone Classification

• Hormones are mainly classified by

–Source–Structure

Hormones classified by structure

– Peptide/protein hormones

– Steroid hormones

– Amino acid based hormones

Peptide/protein hormones

Insulin

Amino acid hormones• Derived from tyrosine• Produce T3 & T4

– Epinephrine & norepinephrine

Amino acid hormones

– Derived from tyrptophan– Produces Melatonin & Serotonin

*serotonin is classified as a neurohormone as it is synthesized and secreted by neurons of the GI tract for regulation of motility and CNS

Steroid Hormones

– Lipophilic hormone • No storage• Production is on an “as needed” • Can have the precursors in cytoplasm ready to go• Require protein transports in blood• Based on cholesterol• Produced using SER in the

Adrenal cortex

Gonads

Placenta• Secretion is by simple diffusion

Steroid hormones

Steroidogenesis biosynthesis

Phytoestrogen

chemical structure of some novel phytoestrogens. a. arylbenzofurans, b. acteoside, c. martynoside, d. ellagic acid, e.deoxybenzoines, f. ethoxymethylphenol, g. catechin, h. epicatechin, i. glyecollins, j. lindleyin, k. gRhi, l. glabrene, m. glabridin, n.isoliquitireginin chalone, o. soyasapogenol A, p. soyasapogenol B.

Biosynthesis of thyroxin

Chemical synthesis of thyroxin KHAMAR, Bakulesh Mafatlal [IN/IN]; (IN)WO/2009/136249

Fig. 45-3

Water-soluble Lipid-soluble

Steroid:Cortisol

Polypeptide:Insulin

Amine:Epinephrine

Amine:Thyroxine

0.8 nm

Table 45-1

Hormones classified by source & structure

Hormones classified by source & structure

Pheromones

- Types of insect communication - Visual communication. - Chemical communication. - Tactile communication. - Acoustic communication..

Phermons: Chemical signals that carry information from one individual to another member of the same species. These includes sex attractants, alarm substance and many other intraspecific messages.

Functions of Phermones:

In alfalfa butterflies, males have U.V. reflective scales and missing scales is a sign for male ageing.

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1- Queen bee emit phermones that affects the development of workers bee.

2- Ants use phermones to recruit nest mates to a food source.

3- When laying their eggs, some flies moths and beetles use certain phermones to repel insects of the same and competing species, thereby protecting their progeny.

4- Aphids give alarm phermones that urge neighbouring aphids to flee from nearby predators.

5- Many insect females use phermones to attract male for mating.

6- Some male moths use phermones to entice female to mate with them. Scorpionflies male attack

female by mating pheromone

• For many insects, love is truly blind. Using sex phermones in a tube made really try to mate with that tube.

Thank you