PETROLUEM (CRUDE OIL); FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION (INDUSTRIAL CRACKING)

WHAT IS PETROLEUM FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION?

Petroleum or in other words is crude oil, is a

mixture of hydrocarbons.

Crude oil is formed from the organic remains of plants and animals buried and heated under pressure over millions of years

The complex mixture of

hydrocarbons can be separated into fractions by the

technique of fractional

distillation.

Crude oil cannot be used directly but must

be refined before commercially useful

products are produced by the petrochemical

industry.

The oil refining process

principally involves fractional

distillation into useful fractions

Each fractions has a different boiling

point.

THE SEPARATION OF THE CRUDE OIL MIXTURE INTO FRACTIONS - FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

THE USES OF PETROLEUM

FRACTIONS% in crude oil Boiling point and

propertiesUses

Fuel Gas, LPG, Refinery Gas(1–2%)

< 25oC • easily liquefied

bottled gas for cooking (butane); gas for cooking

Gasoline – Petrol(?%)25 to 75oC

• easily vaporized, • highly flammable,

• easily ignited

car fuel – light vehicles; motor cars

Naphtha(20–40%) 75 to 190oC • no good as a fuel, but valuable raw material

source of organic molecules to make other things,• cracked to make more petrol and alkenes

Petrochemical industries-cracked to make drug, plastic, alcohol

Paraffin, Kerosene(10–15%) 190 to 250oC • less volatile,

• less flammable than petrol,

Aircraft or jet fuel

Diesel oil, Gas oil(15–20%) 250 to 350oC • less volatile than petrol,

• cracked to make more petrol and alkenes

larger vehicle fuel (diesel),

RESIDUE – fuel oil, lubricating oils, waxesAND bitumen

(40–50%)

high boiling liquids or low melting solids, all boil over 350oC

(Lubricating)• not so easily evaporated,

• not as flammable, safe to store• low melting solids

BITUMEN• low melting solid

Lubricants for machines, waxes, polishes, liquid fuel oil for power stations and ships, heating systems and bitumen; surfacing the road

MALAYSIA FOSSIL FUEL CONSUMPTION Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in Malaysia.

Left (1967) Right (2014)

Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total) in Malaysia;

94.55 as of 2010. Its highest value over the

past 39 years was 94.70 in 2007, while its

lowest value was 73.30 in 1973.

ALTERNATIVE FUELS TO FOSSIL FUELS - MORE ON OTHER ENERGY RESOURCES Apart from the obvious value of crude oil as an non-renewable energy source, should we using this very valuable source of organic chemicals by merely burning most of it?

OIL IS A VALUABLE CHEMICAL RESOURCE

but non-renewable

AND how long will oil

reserves last? AND what

happens if the oil runs out

FOSSIL FUEL CANNOT BE REPLACED; WILL NOT LAST FOREVER. Without oil, and therefore fractional distillation, civilization as we know it would be very different, and the amount of humans relying on it would not be able to survive very well without it, unless of course we found another way to produce all of the products of oil on such a large scale as we currently can.

Its either we use this natural resources efficiently or find other alternative resources/ways.

ALTERNATIVE WAYS; USING PLANT MATERIAL

Biofuels; Biofuels are alternative fuels to fossil fuels produced from plant material.Biofuels are renewable energy sources and come in a variety of forms; woodchips (trees or waste from timber products), alcohol (ethanol from fermenting sugar cane), biodiesel (from vegetable oil) and biogas

(methane from anaerobic digestion of sewage waste) and are all derived from plant materials eg crops or bacterial digestion/decay of waste organic material.

ALCOHOL (ETHANOL); ONE OF THE MORE RECENT 'ALTERNATIVE FUELS' Ethanol is an example of a renewable biofuel from plant material.

Ethanol is used as a solvent, as a biofuel (can be mixed with petrol or used directly).

What is 'gasohol'? Ethanol and petrol can be mixed to make a motor vehicle fuel. Countries like Brazil, that have no oil reserves of their own, and importing oil is costly, so they are very

interested in the manufacture of biofuels, i.e. fuels that can be derived from plant crop materials. Some ethanol is used in blends of petrol ( a 'gasohol') eg in Brazil (called 'alcool') with a cheap labour

force (local population or migrant labour) and large land areas growing sugar cane. A typical composition of 'gasohol' might be 10% ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and 90% unleaded petrol

(gasoline). It is less polluting than ordinary petrol, it burns more cleanly-efficiently. It also makes the imported oil go a bit further!

The renewable sugar cane crop is crushed and the sugar extracted with hot water and the solution fermented with yeast. The alcohol is fractionally distilled from the filtered fermented solution and can then be used as a

biofuel.

BIODIESEL Biodiesel is another biofuel derived from plant material.

Biodiesel can be made from vegetable oils (and animal fat or waste cooking oil) which contain glycerol esters of long–chain fatty acids.

These vegetable oils/fats like rapeseed oil and soybean oil can re–esterified (transesterification) into methyl esters to make a fuel that can be used directly as diesel fuel or mixed with regular diesel fuel. Vegetable oils are suitable for diesel fuel and release lots of energy on combustion just

like petrol or conventional diesel. Biodiesel has similar physical and chemical properties to ordinary diesel from crude oil

and burns in conventional diesel engines.• The simple word equation for processing vegetable oil into biodiesel fuel is ...

oil/fat + methanol ==> biodiesel + glycerol

advantages of using biodiesel• Biodiesel, is in theory, another 'carbon neutral' renewable fuel.• Biodiesel is readily biodegradable, so less harmful to the environment if spilled

compared to hydrocarbon oils which take much longer to break down.• Existing diesel engines don't need converting.

BIOGAS Microorganisms can be used to break down organic waste under anaerobic conditions to produce biogas, which is mainly the hydrocarbon methane gas, CH4. You can use a variety of materials to be broken down e.g. animal waste, dead plant material.

a) The biogas can be burned like any other fuel to produce heat. The heat can be used to generate steam to drive a turbine and electrical generator. This is quite handy for small scale electricity production in remote areas far from a national grid supply. It could also power road vehicles to.

b) Theoretically it is a renewable resource and carbon neutral  The decomposed plants are replaced by new crops, and, with the animal waste from eating plant material, the carbon is recycled by carbon dioxide formation on burning. The growth of new crops removes and balances the same carbon dioxide by the process of photosynthesis in plant leaves.

c) The raw materials for biogas are relatively cheap and readily available, mainly from agricultural sources.

d) Burning biogas is relatively clean fuel, although it produces carbon dioxide and water on combustion it does not produce much sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen or carbon/hydrocarbon particulates

THE EFFICIENT WAYS OF USING THE NATURAL FUEL -Applying the concept of 3r (Reuse, reduce and recycle)

We reuse, reduce and recycle petroleum products for example plastic.

-Practicing car pool, using public transport and not wasting electricity.

Recycle

ReuseReduc

e

CONTRIBUTIONS OF PETROLEUM/NATURAL GAS TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIA

Miri, Sarawak and Kerteh, Terengganu; made Malaysia as a net producer of petroleum.

Petroleum industry quickly rose and become the mainstream of the nation’s economy.

Malaysia’s crude oil; high quality, light and low in sulphur content (quite ecofriendly)

Thus it s much demand in the world market; provides income in term of taxes, royalties and dividends, high-living standard and more job

opportunities.

THE END