Phylum Ciliophora: Morphology, Phylogeny, and Systematics Feng Gao 1 , Qianqian Zhang 2 , Jun Gong 2 & Weibo Song 1 Fig. 3 Systematic scheme for the phylum Ciliophora suggested by the present and the previous works . Fig.2 Hypothetical evolution of ciliated protozoa based on both morphological and molecular data to show the relationship and the positions of the taxa at order level. All line drawings of ciliates are from Corliss (1979), Puytorac (1994), Song and Wilbert (1989), Vd'acny and Foissner (2002) and present study. Fig.1 A. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees of the phylum Ciliophora based on the SSU rDNA (152 taxa). B. Classification scheme of phylum Ciliophora according to Lynn (2008) and Adl et al. (2012). The majority of ciliates are divided into two main subphyla, Postciliodesmatophora and Intramacronucleata, based on both morphology and molecular information. Eleven classes are recoganized in the most recent calssifications (Lynn 2008 and Adl et al. 2012). A potential new class Cariacotrichea was established based on the environmental SSU rRNA, for a novel clade from the anoxic Cariaco Basin (Orsi et al., 2011). Our recent phylogenetic work suggested two new classes (Linconophoriea n. cl. , Protocruziea n. cl.) and one subphyla (Mesodiniea). 1 Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 2 Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264000, China This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31301867, 31430077,41406135 ,and 31471973 ).

Phylum Ciliophora: Morphology, Phylogeny, and Systematics

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Phylum Ciliophora: Morphology, Phylogeny, and Systematics

Feng Gao1, Qianqian Zhang2, Jun Gong2 & Weibo Song1

Fig. 3 Systematic scheme for the phylum Ciliophora suggested by the present and the previous works .

Fig.2 Hypothetical evolution of ciliated protozoa based on both morphological and molecular data to show the relationship and the positions of the taxa at order level. All line drawings of ciliates are from Corliss (1979), Puytorac (1994), Song and Wilbert (1989), Vd'acny and Foissner (2002) and present study.

Fig.1 A. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees of the phylum Ciliophora based on the SSU rDNA (152 taxa). B. Classification scheme of phylum Ciliophora according to Lynn (2008) and Adl et al. (2012).

The majority of ciliates are divided into two main subphyla, Postciliodesmatophora and Intramacronucleata, based on both morphology and molecular information.

Eleven classes are recoganized in the most recent calssifications (Lynn 2008 and Adl et al. 2012).

A potential new class Cariacotrichea was established based on the environmental SSU rRNA, for a novel clade from the anoxic Cariaco Basin (Orsi et al., 2011).

Our recent phylogenetic work suggested two new classes (Linconophoriea n. cl. , Protocruziea n. cl.) and one subphyla (Mesodiniea).

1Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 2Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264000, China

This work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 31301867, 31430077,41406135 ,and 31471973 ).